Royal Mail Strategies and Responsibilities

Imperial Mail Strategies and Responsibilities Imperial mail is the United Kingdoms national postal assistance which was established in 1516. Regal mail is having its activities all over UK just as in International regions having in excess of 176000 workers. Imperial mail do have package administration, letter administration, Airmail administration, Business bolster administrations, cash moves and part of administrations they continue including step by step. It is the auxiliary firm of the Royal Mail Group LTD. As indicated by the Royal mail its profoundly gifted representatives are its benefits and the clients are the existence blood of the firm. This article portrays about the accompanying elements:- Regal Mails three key levels Corporate Strategic Responsibility Human asset techniques (Definition) Human Resource Strategies between 2005-2010 Swot Analysis New Human Resource technique of the Royal Mail The Royal Mails reaction to the Competition and the to the ongoing Credit Crunch End 1.The Royal Mail do have three degrees of techniques:- Corporate level - which manages the general association. Ex: Geographical areas, Market determination. Business level procedure is referenced for each kind of business completed by the Royal mail. Utilitarian level-The Finance, Human Resource Management, Production, Marketing, Research and Development goes under this segment. The Corporate procedure of Royal mail is structured so that it demonstrates their capacity to adapt to the market changes in a positive and negative way. It is the difficulties of the workers and their standard client administrations makes the Royal mail to get an upper hand over its rivals like TNT, DHL and so forth. Regal Mail which was once supposed to be the Monopolist in the field of Postal administrations lost the title of Monopoly in the start of 2006. It had 99% of the piece of the pie in its grasp. Regal mail do have a view to make their corporate Strategic obligation to turn into a piece of their vital administration process. They are:- 2. Corporate Strategic obligation incorporates:- The help of the laborers from the working environment which frames the foundation of the Royal mail. The administration additionally manages the laborers in an all the more benevolent way with no sort of separation. Being laborers supposed to be the advantages of the firm, Royal Mail takes great consideration of their laborers and with respect to the working conditions as well. To make its activities intended to have a solid constructive outcome on its laborers, clients and to its providers. Accomplish a net zero carbon impression by 2015 and to help their customers to do their exercises to have a positive bit of leeway towards the earth and to achieve an upper hand. In view of their Corporate obligation Royal Mail wishes to be not the same as its rivals Imperial mail had made their corporate technique by mulling over of their Organizational goals and their accomplishment. It is in the Functional level the Human Resource Strategies shows up. The meaning of the Human Resource technique and the Human Resource Strategies of the Royal Mail from 2005-2010 are referenced underneath. 3.Human Resource procedure (Definition):- Before moving to Human Resource Strategy we should realize what is implied by the term strategy?.Strategy typically implies choosing the best choice from a surge of choices. As indicated by Lundy and cowling (1998,p16), procedure is: The specialty of war, generalship, particularly the craft of coordinating military developments in order to make sure about the most profitable positions and blend of powers. The Human Resource Management group in the Royal Mail coordinates the laborers by inspiring them and giving them appropriate preparing so as to accomplish the Organizational objectives and to get an upper hand over its opponents. The term Human Resource Strategy is very much characterized as Human Resource the executives (HRM) is a vital way to deal with overseeing business relations which stresses that influence people groups abilities is basic to accomplishing feasible upper hand, this being accomplished through an unmistakable arrangement of incorporated work strategies, projects and practices. [Bratton and Gold,4e,p3] 4.The Human Resource Strategies from 2005 2010:- Human Resource Management shapes the most significant capacity in an Organization as the laborers are viewed as the important resources of the firm. The correct sort of individuals in right situation at the perfect time is the goal of the HR Manager. It is said that regularly in a day HR Manager as a rule burns through 20% of their working hours in managing the complaints of the representatives without influencing the Organizations routine exercises. HR Executives ought to have a capacity to manage their staffs in a reasonable and amicable way instead of forcing more control on them. The Royal Mail take the endeavors made by their laborers into great thought and depend on the reality about their vocation improvement instead of essentially a vocation. The Royal Mails Human Resource procedures in the period from 2005 to 2010 is referenced underneath which incorporates a few dangers they confronted and the means attempted to confront those dangers. Human Resource procedures of the Royal Mail in 2005:- One of the most significant activities of the Royal Mail can be found in the start of 2005 which utilized applicants from the socially rejected gatherings. The up-and-comers who were enlisted performed very well in the choice procedure just as in the Organization as well. Newcomers by this procedure were set in position as mailman, conveyance van drivers, letter arranging who were ex-administration men or the individuals who are destitute. This Pilot program helped the Royal Mail in bringing down the expense and work turnovers and demonstrated as the firm with best worker fulfillment. The representatives accordingly had a drawn out duty and had a self propelled way to deal with buckle down for the firm to accomplish its objectives. The business desire for high responsibility and the representative desire for dealing with their social needs made the laborers of the Royal Mail to be faithful to the firm and improved the proportion of trust towards the firm. The intentional associations like the Royal Association of Disabled and Rehabilitation, Business activity on Homelessness and so on helped the Royal Mail to get competitors of socially barred gatherings. The Human Resource group played a significant capacity in sifting through the rundown of incapacitated up-and-comers and choosing the best up-and-comers through a standard determination process. The Human Resource Manager who have the Management as a craftsmanship angle implies having intrinsic gifts will have those abilities to enlist those individuals who can add to the limit of their stretch out towards their Organization. The Royal mail group managed by Mr. Adam Crozier made record yearly benefits in 2005 which assisted with giving 1074 pounds of rewards to its laborers. These were accomplished by the representative performance,better client assistance by appropriately prepared staff and their presentation related compensation procedure of the Human Resource group. Human Resource methodologies of the Royal Mail in 2006:- The Human Resource group in the Royal Mail had the option to give moment answers for the complaints of the representatives. The beginning of the year 2006 was not as useful for the Royal Mail as it confronted a postal strike in Belfast. About 200 mailmen halted their labor for about fourteen days which had an extremely negative effect on the Royal Mails administrations to the clients. The clients were said to contact the workplace legitimately for any significant issues and a large portion of the letters and records were hindered in certain spots remained undelivered. The Communication Workers Union says that the strike was because of the terrible and unjustifiable acts of the administrators towards the laborers in Belfast and the center issue isn't acknowledged by the Royal Mail. Significant conveyance including specific administrations were halted briefly and the administration made prompt move to take care of the issue. The Workers in strike were guaranteed that they won't be deal t with gravely when they come back to their work and essential moves will be made against the individuals who were seen as blameworthy. The Human Resource group in the Royal Mail paid attention to the issue and they ensured that the laborers will be dealt with reasonably and with no segregation. The mental agreement which says high inspiration and high responsibility ought to be thought about which made the Human Resource Manger to manage the circumstance in an amicable and savvy way. It was for this present year the Royal Mail lost its situation as a Monopoly in the postal Industry and began confronting wide spread rivalry. The administration concurred that their will be no decrease in the work power, high employer stability will be furnished with salary increase scales to the staffs. The Christmas period of 2006 likewise made the clients of the Royal Mail to endure because of the strike of 800 specialists which caused immense volume of undelivered archives in the workplace. The ad ministrations choice to change some full time post to low maintenance when an employment opportunity emerge was protested by the worker's organization by saying that it is against the National understanding. The issue was raised genuinely and the Royal Mail reacted to it by saying that the choice will be with the assent of the specialist understanding. The strike was halted by coming to the point that the new position openings in the Royal Mail will be completed by the administration with the consolidated hands of the worker's organization to settle on choice in regards to whether to treat the opportunity full time or low maintenance and the administration guaranteed that no staff will be compelled to change his all day work status to low maintenance. The end of the arranging office in Paddington, London around the same time was clarified by the Royal Mail as a stage taken so as to improve their consumer loyalty and efficiency against the wide spread gossipy tidbits about some illic it activities of the mailmen. The 950 laborers who worked their were briefly avoided their obligations and some of them were given exchange offers. The laborers responsibility in a firm not

The nature of the budgeting and planning process Essay

The idea of the planning and arranging process - Essay Example The general reason for the planning procedure is to guarantee that the association has enough funds of tasks and use. The primary reason for the planning procedure is correspondence, where every office in the association imparts the requirement for assets and how the assets will be utilized. This is finished by clarifying the volume of exercises that the office will take part in and the measure of assets that will be required. The planning and arranging process is additionally significant for coordination of undertakings in the association, since the various divisions in the association perform interrelated errand (Hansen and Wim, 2004). Coordination of procedures is accomplished when the various divisions give an arrangement to their asset designation and the connection to the asset allotment from different offices. Financial plans are additionally utilized for arranging the exercises of the association for a predefined period. This is accomplished by planning financial plans that foresee asset use for anticipated monetary periods. At the point when these spending plans are readied, the association can decide the asset needs and, along these lines, set up the fundamental money related assets for obtaining of the arranged assets. Financial plans are additionally utilized for control and inspiration, where the spending plans go about as a proportion of execution and improvement. This implies the readied spe nding plan is utilized as a standard of estimation of execution, and the various offices are roused to improve their presentation as indicated by the financial plan apportioned. The idea of the planning and arranging process is reflected by the qualities of the spending plan arranged by the divisions and the association. The spending plan can be characterized as an arrangement for the designation of monetary assets to the different procedures in the association, in this way, the planning and arranging process alludes to the means taken to get ready and measure hierarchical execution utilizing a financial plan. The prerequisites of the planning and arranging procedure would then be able to be surmised from the above meaning of a financial plan. The planning and arranging process requires information on the necessary assets by every division, the normal use of assets, the gauge of the expense of assets, and the normal monetary inflows and outpourings. Kinds of Budgets According to Sea n, Garrison and Noreen (2008), financial plans can be ordered into numerous sorts, including zero-based spending plans, gradual spending plans, fixed and adaptable financial plans. These financial plans arrangements are finished by the reason for spending planning, regardless of whether the financial plan is set up as indicated by movement level, monetary periods, or asset accessibility. Zero-based planning alludes to a planning technique where every division is required to give a support of the considerable number of costs introduced in the spending explanation. Conventional planning strategies require a director to include or take away sums from the past financial period spending plan, be that as it may, zero-based financial plans start from a zero benchmark and all consumptions must be supported. On the other hand, steady spending plans depend on the past period’

Sentimentality

Sentimentality Last night, I went to bed at 5 am. This morning, I woke up at 9 am. My eyelids currently feel ridiculously heavy and yet, I dont regret the loss of sleep one single bit. To explain: Milan, MITs annual Garba, Dandiya Raas, and Bhangra dance event, took place yesterday at the very same Walker Memorial in which I have endured many a painful midterm. Thankfully, the usual exam tables were replaced by the following decorations: My friends and I were among the first to arrive at Milan; not being particularly proficient at garba, we spent a few minutes dawdling awkwardly about the dance floor and covering up our noob status by fiddling about with our cameras: pre-Milan during Milan, with Carin 13 Upon the arrival of more experienced dancers, the energy rapidly picked up, and the next few hours were spent lost in the whirlwind of glorious endorphins that accompanies any form of dance: I absolutely lovee dance (I even wrote one of my MIT essays the Tell us about something youve created question about dance! ^.^), but after nearly four hours of gallivanting about the dance floor and intermittently gulping water, I decided to call it quits. Accompanied by two friends, I made my way back to McCormick at about 11:45 pm, naively thinking that I would be in bed by 1 am at the latest. Nope. 1 became 2, and 2 became 5. Why? Because MIT people are absolutely phenomenal. A year ago, when asked to write up a brief biography for my blogger homepage, I listed out the reasons I picked MIT over the other schools to which Id been admitted. #3 on my list was the following: I like the people here. When I was deferred EA from MIT, I started questioning my match with MIT; in March, when my acceptance letter arrived, my joy at having gotten in was weighted down by uncertainty. Did I really fit in at MIT? I attended CPW hoping to find the answer to this question. And I did. I met Siemens champions, Intel finalists, child prodigies, but what really struck me was how everyone seemed so genuinely nice. So genuinely nice. For five hours last night, a few friends and I just talked. About life. About school. About Glee. About the most random stuff in the world. We shared our stories, our experiences, our struggles, our successes. I learned so much about them, about their journey to MIT, about their interests and pastimes and passions. As I drifted off to sleep at 5 am, the following thought dominated my mind: Im so lucky to be here, at MIT, with these people. MIT is challenging, theres zero question about it. When its 3 am and I still havent finished my lab report, I think wishfully of my high school days where midnight was considered an ungodly hour for me to still be awake. When I have three tests in one week in addition to psets that need to be completed, I want desperately to curl up in a hole and wait for time to just pass me by. When Camp Kesem meetings and EMS shifts and dance practices all somehow manage to conflict with one another, Im thoroughly at a loss as to where to go and when. But I always get through it and its solely because of the people around me here at MIT, the people who pull me up, give me a hug, and tell me its going to be okay. In an email sent out to the current MIT admissions bloggers, Dave wrote: MIT is a singularly wonderful place. As Stu always says, that’s because of the people. It seriously is. I honestly cannot imagine what my life would have been like if I had never met the people Ive come to know so well over the course of this past year. For those of you in the process of applying to MIT: come to campus, meet the students here, and taste the humility that permeates this place. Youll love it.

Personal Religious And Cultural Beliefs And Values

Belief systems. The decision for a person to stay or flee a domestic violence situation often is determined by their personal religious and cultural beliefs and values. The person believes that marriage is a union of God and divorce or separation is wrong. Instead they believe that all things can be worked out through the power of prayer. They believe the children need their father and divorce would hurt the children emotionally. Economic dependence on the abuser Many women caught up in abusive relationships have been prevented from obtaining education or employment. All income comes from their abuser. They lack job skills, education, transportation, daycare for children and healthcare benefits. Without these skills and resources, being alone without the abuser becomes a huge challenge for the victim. Many women find themselves having to choose between homelessness, living in impoverished neighborhoods or returning to the abuser. Fear for the Safety of Self and Children Many abusers threaten their victims with physical harm or even death. These threats are believable and taken quite seriously by the victim. When attempts are made by the victim to leave, the abuser usually escalates the violence, Threatens to kill the victim, children and himself. Out of fear that the abuser may carry out the threats, the victim will stay in the abusive relationship (Herbert Ellard, 2004). Does Domestic Violence Impact Children? Long-term problems Research indicates that male childrenShow MoreRelatedAustralia Is A Country With Cultural And Ethnic Diversity Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagescountry with cultural and ethnic diversity. People in this country have right to express and share their individual culture, religious belief and values. 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Gillard (2001) and Fancourt (2012) contend that whilst RE provision remains largely didactic (see appendix 1.1), ‘religious education’ may be considered a contradictory concept. These considerations notwithstanding, it may be conjectured that RE has multifarious purposes, encouraging mutual respect, offering a sense of identity and teaching about God, values and traditions (Barnes, 2011;Read MoreThe Religious Beliefs Of Organisations1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe religious beliefs of organisations are responsible for altering management practice in various foreign civilizations, yet when these moral principles are integrated with other devices used in Western society, it can create the most influential envir onment that thrives on work ethic and profitability. As such cultural beliefs are predominantly not a factor in countries such as Australia, many consider that a religious organisation is far more effective in its management practice. Despite thisRead MoreHeritage Assessment1246 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage assessment Danielle Sumner Grand Canyon University Heritage assessment Introduction The Heritage Assessment Tool can be adopted as a dependable tool to gauge, health maintenance, restoration and safeguard of personal, cultural beliefs. The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse would

Financial Ratio Analysis Daimler Group and Bmw Group Essay

To: Board Directors of Daimler Group 2012 Financial Analysis: A comparison between Daimler Group and BMW Group Abstract In this report, we calculate and compare the financial performance between Daimler Group and BMW Group in two financial years 2010-2011. The objective is to analyse the financial performance of both groups and identify our company’s position, thus suggesting the potential areas for improvement for our company. I) Introduction In this report, we analyse and compare the financial performance between BMW Group and Daimler Group in 2010 and 2011 using financial ratios analysis. The BMW Group and Daimler Group are two of Germany’s largest industrial companies and are among the most successful car and motorcycle†¦show more content†¦This ratio has most definitely been affected by the investment in new non-current assets by both groups but Daimler has managed to use these assets to generate more revenue than BMW but still has used its new non-current assets efficiently to generate a sales revenue which would in turn lead to a ratio higher than the previous year’s ratio figure. The sales revenue to working capital explains how well the company is using its working capital to generate sales revenue. It is one of the best ways to watch the changes in cash overtime, this is important because the company needs cash to operate. Daimler has experienced a significant decrease in this ratio and BM W, the opposite occurred. This could be as result of fluctuations in the current assets and liabilities of both companies. The inventory turnover period ratio measures the length of time stock is held within the business. Both companies are now holding stock for longer than they did in 2010. It takes Daimler 77 days to sell its products while it takes BMW 65days. Both results are quite high but BMW has an advantage. This means that BMW has fewer inventories in store than Daimler at the end of the year, which means lower holding costs for BMW. The trade receivables period ratio calculates how long it takes the company to collect payments from its customers. 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Vertical Occupational Mobility of Labour and Organization Free Essays

Vertical Occupational mobility of labour and organizational commitment; Banking Sector of Pakistan ABSTRACT The study of my topic i. e. vertical occupational mobility of labour and Organizational commitment comes under Human Resource Management (HRM). We will write a custom essay sample on Vertical Occupational Mobility of Labour and Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now HRM itself by its name describes that it is an approach of people working in an organization which play an important role in achieving organization’s objective. This subject area basically helps in managing workforce to acquire maximum efficiency. The Human Resources Management includes a variety of activities such as whether to use independent contractors or hire employees, recruitment, time management, workforce planning, training and development, performance appraisal etc. There are two type of labour mobility i. e. geographic and occupational mobility. Geographic mobility is defined as changes in location of workers across physical space which is further divided into two parts i. e. short distance and long distance moves. Occupational mobility is defined as changes in location of workers across asset of jobs. This research will help managers and policy makers to know how vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment are related. This research will identify those factors which lead to vertical occupational mobility which then affects commitment of an employee with an organization. Before segmenting the labour market policy makers will have an idea before that what will be its effect to organizational commitment. STUDY OBJECTIVES 1. To test the proposition that wage gaps among employees within an organization affects task and technology of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 2. To test the proposition that job performance of an employee plays an important role in organizational development (task and technology) and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 3. To test the proposition that distributive justice affects organizational culture and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 4. To test the proposition that Human Capital Investments affects the organizational strategy of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 5. To test the proposition that mobility attitudes affects organizational behaviour of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. 6. To test the proposition that skills of an employee affects organizational development (task and technology) of an organization and has significant/insignificant impact on organizational commitment. LITERATURE REVIEW Occupational Mobility: â€Å"Occupational mobility is defined as the fraction of currently employed individuals who report a current occupation different from their most recent previous report† by Gueorgui Kambourov and Iourii Manovskii (2004). Nachum Sicherman amp; Oded Galor (1990) in their research describes occupational mobility as an important part of worker’s career. When a person has high experience he is likely to have occupational mobility within the organization in terms of promotion. Schooling plays an important role in upward occupational mobility. It also describes that when workers expect high probability of promotion in a firm and they are not promoted, mostly they quit the organization. Gender based Occupational Mobility Shirley Dex, Kelly Ward amp; Heather Joshi (2006), in their research on women’s place and their workings in labor market, indicates that downward occupational mobility of labor among women has decreased after their first child birth as compared with previous generations according to Women and Employment Survey (WES). Occupational and Geographical Labor Mobility Larry D. Schroeder. (1976) studies the interdependence between geographicaland occupational mobility using two data sets (samples). One data set is of maletaxpayers in Winconsin during the period 1947-59 which states that inter-country mobility and occupational mobility are not independent when age differences are accounted. The second data set is of 1970’s Census of Population which resulted that occupational mobility and inter-country mobility are not independent when accounted for different age and sex groups. Larry D. Schroeder. (1976) created an occupational mobility matrix by observing mobility patterns of non-movers and interstate movers of United States (observation period is five years or more), after which it was evident that occupational and geographic mobility are affiliated which each other. He further states that manpower planners must keep this relationship in mind when they project the responses to their strategies to stimulate occupational and inter-state mobility. Occupational Mobility and Wage Inequality Nachum Sicherman amp; Oded Galor (1990) states that if a wage profile difference across individuals in a firm is found workers will change their occupation or quit from that specific firm. Furthermore, Gueorgui Kambourov and Iourii Manovskii (2004) in their study indicate that occupational mobility and wage inequality are interrelated. They developed a general equilibrium model which resulted that increase in occupational mobility is 90% because of the significant increase in wage inequality over the time. RESEARCH DESIGN RESEARCH TYPE The type of this research is applied which means to undertake investigation to acquire new knowledge. Applied research is directed mainly towards a specific practical aim. This research is not carried out just for the sake of knowledge; it will also help to solve practical problems. In this case the research identifies the factors which lead to vertical occupational mobility in commercial banks of Pakistan in relation to employees’ commitment with the bank. DATA TYPE AND REFERENCE PERIOD Data type used in this research is primary in nature. Surveys through questionnaire will be carried out in form of personal interviews which will be attached with APPENDIX. This survey will be conducted at various managerial levels in different braches of various banks. These managerial levels include branch managers, floor managers, team managers, area sales managers, relationship manager, assistant managers, operation managers, processing officers etc. The banks in which this survey will be carried out are Dubai Islamic Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN-AMRO, Faysal Bank, Muslim Commercial Bank, Bank of Punjab and Bank Alfalah Limited. The reference period of this survey will be April, 2010 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 1. H0: To test the hypothesis that wage gaps among employees within an organization affects task and technology of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 1 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that wage gaps among employees within an organization affect task and technology of an organization and have significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 1 ? 0) 2. H0: To test the hypothesis that job performance of an employee plays an important role in organizational development (task and technology) and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that job performance of an employee plays an important role in organizational development (task and technology) and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 2 ? 0) 3. H0: To test the hypothesis that distributive justice affects organizational culture and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 3 = 0) H1: To test the hypo thesis that distributive justice affects organizational culture and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 3 ? 0) 4. H0: To test the hypothesis that Human Capital Investments affects the organizational strategy of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 4 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that Human Capital Investments affects the organizational strategy of an organization and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 4 ? 0) 5. H0: To test the hypothesis that mobility attitudes affects organizational behaviour of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that mobility attitudes affect organizational behaviour of an organization and have significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? 5 ? 0) 6. H0: To test the hypothesis that that skills of an employee affects organizational development (task and technology) of an organization and has insignificant impact on organizational commitment (H0: ? 6 = 0) H1: To test the hypothesis that that skills of an employee affects organizational development (task and technology) of an organization and has significant impact on organizational commitment (H1: ? ? 0) CONCLUSION This research analyzes the relation between vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment. The study will provide an additional dimension that vertical occupational mobility does not affect organizational commitment directly; organizational development is an intervening variable between them. Multiple linear regression and parametric test of significance (t-test) may be used as a tool to find out relationship between the variables i. e. vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment. If the chance of getting promoted for an employee in a bank is high he is likely to be more committed to the bank. Finally, if the working conditions (job safety, peer pressure, internal environment of bank etc) in a bank are favourable employee will be more committed to the bank. DIRECTION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Due to time constraint and limited resources sample size may be small and survey will conducted in banks of Lahore only. In further research other dimensions of vertical occupational mobility and organizational commitment will be discussed including the intervening variable between them i. . organizational development. Furthermore, survey will be carried out in all the banks of Pakistan which will enhance the result of our analysis. Future research may investigate the factors which lead to vertical occupational mobility in telecom sector of Pakistan in relation to commitment of an employee with the organization. The reason why i selected the Banks of Pakistan is, I have some p ersonal relations with some of the employers working in banks in Pakistan. So, collecting data would not be a problem for me. References: Gueorgui Kambourov and Iourii Manovskii. 2009). Occupational Mobility and Wage Inequality. Review of Economic Studies. 76 (2), 731-759. Nachum Sicherman amp; Oded Galor. (1990). A Theory of Career Mobility. The Journal of Political Economy. 98 (1), 169-192. Shirley Dex, Kelly Ward amp; Heather Joshi. (2006). Changes in Women’s Occupations and Occupational Mobility over 25 years. Women and Employment Survey. 1 (1), 18-24. Larry D. Schroeder. (1976). Interrelatedness of Occupational and Geographical Labor Mobility. Industrial and Labor Relations Review. 29 (3), 405-413. How to cite Vertical Occupational Mobility of Labour and Organization, Papers

Opportunities Oil and Gas Industry

Question: What are the Risks and Opportunities of future Dynamism of Oil and Gas Industry? Answer: 1.0 The Opportunities of future dynamic of oil and gas Industry The petroleum business has changed itself into a high-innovation industry. Sensational advances in innovation for investigation, boring, finish, creation, and site rebuilding have empowered the business to stay aware of the constantly expanding interest for dependable supplies of oil and regular gas at sensible costs. The US oil and gas industry is bigger than the local automobile industry and bigger than training, social administrations, the PC business, and the steel business joined. Oil and regular gas represent for all intents and purposes all transportation fuel in the United States, a larger part of our aggregate vitality utilize, and give the crude materials to innumerable items utilized as a part of our day by day lives. Americans now underestimate these assets and items to a great extent and anticipate that they will be accessible and reasonable, guiding a rising interest for these profitable assets (Appel, 2012). From the minute that the first U.S. Oil well was penetrated in 1859, the advancement the sector of gas and oil has been a narrative of innovative headway. In the early "oil blast" decades, voyagers united with business people, architects, and talented specialty specialists to concoct an element industry. Through experimentation, diligent work, and straightforward need, these pioneers quickly built up the major apparatuses and frameworks for discovering, separating, transporting, and preparing oil. As the business developed, its researchers and field technologists drove the route in enhancing our comprehension of earth sciences, geography, geophysics, and science. Presently, another wave of innovative advancements is changing the oil and gas industry! The center this time is on discovering monetarily reasonable approaches to keep finding and creating oil and common gas (Flin et al, 1996). Indeed as industry, government, and the educated community behavior innovative work on option wellsprings of vitality, dependence on oil and characteristic gas for powers will proceed into the not so distant. The U.S. Vitality Information Administration (EIA) ventures that the U.S. Interest for refined petroleum items will become more than 35% in the following two decades. We accept that the eventual fate of the vitality business is moving quick and the greater part of the current organizations in this industry have some major difficulty taking after the most recent industry improvements. United Energy is at the front line of this vitality business sector pattern, with our current and fiscally sound methodology we exploit the past business advancement, consolidate all the positive parts of it and focalize it into one organization structure. By putting a high accentuation on control of physical operations, our administration has the capacity utilize its designing and geographical expe rience to be a minimal effort administrator. We are experienced at controlling expenses and actualizing capital improvement projects to improve the estimation of future oil and gas properties (Fattouh, Kilian, Mahadeva, 2012). The significance of oil and characteristic gas inside the world's economy and the anticipated interest for these items recommends that chronicled return examples are liable to repeat later on. Since the eventual fate of vitality is not composed in stone, our conviction is that later on, the vitality business sector will change and new vitality advancements will develop and take their spot in the worldwide vitality coliseum (Chu, Majumdar, 2012). 2.0 The risks of future dynamic of oil and Gas Industry The investigation and generation of oil and regular gas obliges large amounts of capital consumptions and are liable to characteristic dangers and different vulnerabilities, including those identifying with the physical attributes of oil and gas fields. A depiction of the principle dangers confronting the Company's business in the investigation and generation of oil and gas is given underneath. 2.1 Health, safety, security and environmental risks The material operations identifying with the investigation and generation of hydrocarbons found seaward. In 2013 55% of the aggregate oil and gas generation for the year got from seaward fields, predominantly in Nigeria, Angola, UK, Norway, Libya, Italy, Egypt, Congo, Libya and the Gulf of Mexico. Seaward operations in the oil and gas industry are inalienably more dangerous than inland exercises. The mischance has demonstrated the potential effects of seaward mischances and spills to wellbeing, security, security and the earth can be cataclysmic because of the target troubles in taking care of hydrocarbons regulation and different components (Skogdalen, Vinnem, 2012). Likewise seaward operations are liable to marine hazards, including extreme tempests and other antagonistic climate conditions and vessel impacts, and also interferences or end by legislative powers in view of wellbeing, ecological and different contemplations. Inability to deal with these dangers could bring about dam age or death toll, harm to property, ecological harm, and could bring about administrative activity, lawful obligation, loss of incomes and harm to our notoriety and could have a material unfavorable impact on our operations or monetary condition (Hall, Vredenburg, 2012). 2.2 Exploratory drilling efforts may be unsuccessful Investigation boring for oil and gas includes various dangers including the danger of dry openings or inability to discover business amounts of hydrocarbons. The expenses of penetrating, finishing and working wells have edges of instability, and boring operations may be unsuccessful as an aftereffect of a mixture of variables, including sudden boring conditions, weight or heterogeneities in arrangements, gear disappointments, victories and different types of mishaps, and deficiencies or defers in the conveyance of hardware. The Company participates in substantial investigation boring exercises seaward, especially in profound and ultra-profound waters, and in remote zones, in naturally delicate areas and other testing connections. In these areas we for the most part experience additionally difficult and more hazardous conditions and acquire higher investigation costs than inland (Flin et al., 2000). 2.3 Significant operational risks that adversely affect returns The key considers that may influence the financial aspects of these activities include the capacity to painstakingly do front-end outline designing at any improvement extends in order to keep the event of specialized disservice amid the execution stage; defers in assembling and conveyance of discriminating gear, or deficiencies in the accessibility of such hardware, bringing on expense overwhelms and postpones; and dangers connected with the utilization of new advancements and the failure to create propelled innovations to boost the recoverability rate of hydrocarbons or obtain entrance to already difficult to reach repositories (Haushalter, 2000). Likewise, poor execution in undertaking execution from worldwide foremen who are honored venture development exercises for the most part taking into account the EPC (building, obtainment, development) turn the key contractual plan. We accept this sort of danger may be because of absence of contractual adaptability, low quality of front end configuration building and dispatching postponements (Hirsch, Bezdek, Wendling, 2005). Besides, changes in working conditions and expense overwhelm. Lately, the industry has been affected by heightening expenses of certain discriminating beneficial elements including specific workforce, acquirement expenses and expenses for renting outsider gear or buy administrations. Moreover, there has been a development in the area of our undertakings, as companies have been finding progressively imperative volumes of stores in remote and unforgiving areas or naturally delicate areas (Howarth, Ingraffea, Engelder, 2011). Poor undertaking execution, deficient front end building, defers in the accomplishment of basic occasions and creation start up, and contrasts in the middle of planned and real timing, and expense invades might unfavorably influence the financial returns of our advancement ventures. Inability to effectively convey real ventures could contrarily affect consequences of operations, income and the accomplishment of fleeting focuses of creation development (Sadorsky, 2001). At long last, creating and promoting hydrocarbons saves ordinarily requires quite a while after a disclosure is made. This is on the grounds that an advancement task includes an exhibit of perplexing and protracted exercises, incorporating evaluating a disclosure to assess its business potential, endorsing an improvement venture and building and appointing related offices. As an outcome, rates of return for such long-lead-time activities are presented to the unpredictability of oil and gas costs and expenses which may be considerably not the same as the costs and expenses accepted when the speculation choice was really made, prompting lower rates of return (Kargbo, Wilhelm, Campbell, 2010). 2.4 Depletion of oil and natural gas reserves Numerous organizations consequences of operations and monetary condition are significantly subject to its capacity to create and offer oil and characteristic gas. Future oil and gas creation is reliant on the Company's capacity to get to new saves through new revelations, utilization of enhanced strategies, accomplishment being developed movement, arrangement with Countries and different holders of known stores and acquisitions. In various store rich Countries, national oil organizations control an extensive bit of oil and gas saves that stay to be created. To the degree that national oil organizations choose to build up those stores without the interest of worldwide oil organizations or if the Company neglects to create organization with national oil organizations, organization's capacity to get to or create extra holds will be restricted (Ramos, S. B., Veiga, H. (2011). A powerlessness to supplant created saves by discovering, procuring and creating extra holds could unfavorably affect future creation levels and development prospects. On the off chance that organization is unsuccessful, it may not meet its long haul focuses of generation development and store substitution, and organization's future aggregate demonstrated stores and creation will decay, adversely influencing organization's future consequences of operations and money related condition (Ramos, Veiga, 2011). 2.5 Changes in Crude Oil and Natural gas Prices The investigation and generation of oil and gas is a product business with a background marked by value unpredictability. The single biggest variable that influences the Company's aftereffects of operations and money related condition is unrefined petroleum costs. Lower unrefined petroleum costs have an antagonistic effect on organization's aftereffects of operations and money streams. The organization for the most part does not support presentation without bounds expected money streams of the Group stores to developments in unrefined petroleum cost. As a result, organization's benefit depends vigorously on unrefined petroleum and common gas costs (Ross, 2012). Raw petroleum and common gas costs are liable to worldwide supply and interest and different variables that are outside organization's ability to control, including not to mention a variety of other things: the control on generation applied by OPEC part Countries which control a noteworthy segment of the world's supply of oil and can practice considerable impact on value levels; global geopolitical and financial improvements, including assents forced on certain oil-creating Countries on the premise of resolutions of the United Nations or respective endorses or disturbances because of neighborhood insecurity; global and territorial motion of interest and supply of oil and gas; prices and accessibility of option wellsprings of vitality; governmental and intergovernmental regulations, including the usage of national or universal laws or regulations proposed to point of confinement nursery gas outflows, which could affect the costs of hydrocarbons; and success in creating and applying new innovation. 2.6 Reservations in Approximations of oil and Gas Reserves A few instabilities are natural in evaluating amounts of demonstrated stores and in anticipating future rates of generation and timing of improvement consumptions. The precision of demonstrated store assessments relies on upon various variables, suppositions and variables, among which the most essential are the accompanying: thenature of accessiblegeographical, specializedandfinancialinformationand their translationandjudgment; projections in regards to futurerates of generationandexpensesand timing of advancementconsumptions; changes in thepredominantexpenserules, othergovernmentregulationsand contractual conditions; results of penetrating, testingandtherealgenerationexecution of organization's stores after thedate of the evaluations which may drivesignificantupwardordescendingcorrections; andchanges in oilandcharacteristicgascosts which could influencetheamounts of organization's demonstratedstores since theassessments of stores are in view of costsandexpensesexisting as of thedatewhentheseappraisalsare made. Conclusion Remembering the difficulties our savage industry will keep on confronting, some extra forecasts can be made. One thing oil and gas organizations may do is concentrate on flexibility inside the worldwide vitality store network. It's likewise anticipated that major players will focus on development, investigation and sourcing to keep the consideration of business. Since wellbeing will always more be a significant sympathy toward oil and gas organizations, a reasonable forecast is that security and responsibility will outline connections in the middle of holders and administration organizations. Each industry has its own particular decent amount of difficulties and setbacks what's so extraordinary about our industry is our capacity to influence such a large number of different parts of the world. Our difficulties are discriminating to us, as well as to the world also. A building up nation's capacity to accomplish financial development and raise the way of life incredibly relies on upon its entrance to reasonable, solid vitality and this is the place our industry will dependably be a key players. References Appel, H. (2012). Offshore work: Oil, modularity, and the how of capitalism in Equatorial Guinea. American Ethnologist, 39(4), 692-709. Chu, S., Majumdar, A. (2012). Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. nature, 488(7411), 294-303. Fattouh, B., Kilian, L., Mahadeva, L. (2012). The role of speculation in oil markets: What have we learned so far?. Flin, R., Mearns, K., Fleming, M., Gordon, R. (1996). Risk perception and safety in the offshore oil and gas industry. Sudbury: HSE Books. Flin, R., Mearns, K., O'Connor, P., Bryden, R. (2000). Measuring safety climate: identifying the common features. Safety science, 34(1), 177-192. Hall, J., Vredenburg, H. (2012). The challenges of innovating for sustainable development. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(1). Haushalter, G. D. (2000). Financing policy, basis risk, and corporate hedging: Evidence from oil and gas producers. The Journal of Finance, 55(1), 107-152. Hawken, P., Lovins, A. B., Lovins, L. H. (2013). Natural capitalism: the next industrial revolution. Routledge. Hirsch, R. L., Bezdek, R., Wendling, R. (2005, May). Peaking of world oil production. In Proceedings of the IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion (pp. 19-20). Howarth, R. W., Ingraffea, A., Engelder, T. (2011). Natural gas: Should fracking stop?. Nature, 477(7364), 271-275. Kargbo, D. M., Wilhelm, R. G., Campbell, D. J. (2010). Natural gas plays in the Marcellus shale: Challenges and potential opportunities. Environmental science technology, 44(15), 5679-5684. Ramos, S. B., Veiga, H. (2011). Risk factors in oil and gas industry returns: international evidence. Energy Economics, 33(3), 525-542. Ramos, S. B., Veiga, H. (2011). Risk factors in oil and gas industry returns: international evidence. Energy Economics, 33(3), 525-542. Ross, M. (2012). The oil curse: how petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations. Princeton University Press. Sadorsky, P. (2001). Risk factors in stock returns of Canadian oil and gas companies. Energy economics, 23(1), 17-28. Skogdalen, J. E., Vinnem, J. E. (2012). Quantitative risk analysis of oil and gas drilling, using Deepwater Horizon as case study. Reliability Engineering System Safety, 100, 58-66.

APUSH American Pageant 13th edition chapter 17 Flashcard

APUSH American Pageant 13th edition chapter 17

A Beautiful Thing essays

A Beautiful Thing essays Amy Williams Dr.Yow Essay 2 A Beautiful Thing Lucy Grealy, in her essay Mirrors, gives an awesome portrayal of how our external being, as seen by others, shapes and influences our own feelings of inner worth. The author breaks down the true definition of individuality, pointing out that individualism is really nothing more than the way society perceives us. For example, when Lucy was young, her family and doctors rewarded her good behavior (i.e. silence) during chemotherapy by exclaiming, What a brave little girl. Unfortunately, this type of praise installed a false and unhealthy sense of self in Lucy. She became attached to this courageous, stalwart disposition, feeling that her reticence contributed to the approval, attention, and acceptance she received from others. Grealy states, ...if I broke down, this would be seen as despicable in the eyes of both my parents and doctors. I got tired of being brave, every week I told myself not to cry and every week I failed (50). The author f elt that by shedding tears, she had somehow failed to cooperate effectively, leaving disappointment in the heart of her most sought after audience, her parents. Like so many of us experience today, L. Grealy linked her broken life and lack of self-confidence to her outward, flawed appearance. To illustrate, she writes: I didnt feel I could pass up yet another chance to fix my face, which I confusedly thought concurrent with fixing myself, my soul, my life (49). In most cases, it is not necessarily our own face that humans most desire to change, but similarly, we mistakenly long for modification from the outside inward rather than the inside outward. We struggle with self-acceptance, and ascribe our inadequacy to external blemishes, an outside force, Amy Williams Dr.Yow Essay 2 which denies the possibility for self-assertion and growth. As individua ...

Chose and research an organisation with a particular focus on a Essay

Chose and research an organisation with a particular focus on a current HRM issue or process - Essay Example It is based in Japan but has spread its business to many countries in the wave of globalization. It has strong presence in United States and North America. Sales in these regions provide more than 70% of the profit worldwide. This increasing market share and rapid growth is not without its drawbacks. I have selected Toyota motors because of the recent disaster the company faced. Toyota automobile is famous for its quality but had to recall nine million cars worldwide. In addition to the obvious financial loss there was also huge loss of public image as well. The issue was mismanaged and handled poorly which tarnished the brand reputation in the public eye. It caused the company to touch the lowest ever sales in more than a decade. According to business week estimates because of this recent recall Toyota is facing $ 155 million per week and Toyota has lost almost $30 billion in stocks. In the long run the company can lose hundreds of billions of dollars because of this problem. So who is responsible for such a huge loss? On the outset it seems a great technical fault. Engineers, technicians, quality assurance people seems to be the most obvious people responsible for this disaster. The mechanical issue which affected eight models of Toyota is not the sole responsibility of the people associate with the design department, or technical staff producing faulty pedals and onboard computers. Can only technical staff be blamed for this disaster? Were Toyota leaders unaware of this mechanical fault? If they were unaware shouldn’t they be blamed for their unawareness? However, this is not the scenario. With the much hyped up Toyota production system (TPS) how such negligence is possible. TPS is known all over the world for its quality. Toyota production system (TPS) is also defined as the lean production system which emphasizes on cost cutting. It utilizes half the human capital, investment in machinery, manufacturing space and engineering hours as compared to mas s production system. Toyota production system brought the current Japan economic preeminence. This production system developed by Toyota was followed by many other industries and organizations which brought the economic profits for Japan. Just in time (JIT) production was the rationale behind Toyota production system. The major goal of TPS was cost cutting with sub goals like quality control, quality assurance and respect for humanity in terms of utilizing human resource to achieve cost objective. 2(Alavudeen & Venkateshwaran, 2008) With such renowned and successful TPS such mechanical fault was not expected. There is enough evidence that the Toyota leaders were aware of this mechanical fault long before any action was taken. This behavior suggests that the managers were actually trying to hide the issue which resulted in such disaster. With so much emphasis on cost cutting and setting it as the primary objective in TPS was probably the root cause for this disaster. If the root caus e of this failure is bad decisions by employees, ignoring a known issue, mishandling it in public then instead of just blaming the technical staff we should try to identify what made them behave like this. And the question arises to justify the rationale behind such decisions. If we make an attempt to understand the behavior then the role of HR becomes prominent. What was lacking or deficient or simply

Personal Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Biography - Essay Example When other girls of my age found their happiness in malls and shopping, I doodled, painted and played games with my brothers to get mine. Even though no one ever believed in me, I wanted to get into my dream school, pursue designing and aimed to become an amazing and inspirational designer someday. I never got any computer training during my school time in Jakarta but I was aware how relevant computers were today in the world of fashion and hence I self-taught myself to understand and use applications such as Photoshop from different forums and mediums such as the internet. I held onto my dream of becoming a designer and inspired myself constantly. After completing my high school, I shifted to Los Angeles to continue my degree in a community college because my parents were reluctant to let me take up art. However, my dream never left me and I was sure someday they would realize that art was the only thing that I wanted to do. Soon enough they understood the fact that designing was my sole passion and therefore allowed me to follow my dream of going to FIDM and taking up design. That was the happiest day of my life when finally my dreams were given wings and there are no words to thank my parents who gave me the much needed support. Every day that I spend at FIDM energizes me to reach my goal of becoming successful and inspiring others to become creative and finally making my parents proud without whom it would have been impossible to be the person that I am

Is Use Of Language Restricted To Humans English Language Essay

Is Use Of Language Restricted To Humans English Language Essay Chomsky (1968) claimed that language in specific to humans as only humans possess a language acquisition device to acquire language the universal grammar. It is a hard matter to define what language really is. According to the layman definition by Cambridge University Press (2008), language is a system of communication that consists of sounds, words and grammar. In the past literature, there have been claims that non-human primates like chimpanzees and bonobos are capable of comprehending human language (Benson et al., 2002; Brakke and Savagerumbaugh, 1995). However it is doubtful whether comprehension constitutes a comprehensive use of language. In this essay, we would discuss whether non-human animals are capable of commanding the comprehensive use of language by critically evaluating whether they show some of the design-features of human spoken language in their speech documented in Hockett (1960) and whether they are able to acquire syntax and morphology (Laidrem, 2008). The first design-feature is the vocal-auditory channel, where communication occurs whenever the producer speaks and the receiver hears (Harley, 2001). There are communication systems using other channels, for instance gestures, bee dancing (De Marco, Gurevitz and Menzel, 2008) or the courtship ritual of sticklebacks. Having a vocal-auditory channel enables primates to free up much of their bodies to carry out activities other than communicating language simultaneously. Primate calls and the singing of a western meadowlark possess this design-feature. The second one is arbitrariness, where abstract symbols do not necessarily resemble what they stand for, for instance salt may neither mean salty nor granular (Hockett, 1960; Harley, 2001), except a few onomatopoeic exceptions. It has a shortcoming of being arbitrary, but advantageous in the way that what can be communicated about is limitless. In a semantic communicative system, ties between meaningful message-elements and their meanings can either be arbitrary or non-arbitrary (e.g. salt would mean salt instead of sugar or pepper) there are relatively fixed associations between elements in messages, like words, and recurrent features of our world. The western meadowlark song holds semantic arbitrariness whereas gibbon calls hold a general arbitrariness design-feature. The third one is discreteness, where vocabulary comprises of discrete units and contrasts with the use of sound effects by the vocal gestural way (Harley, 2001). Human vocal organs produce an array of sounds, but in all languages only a relatively small set of ranges of sound is sound, and differences between these ranges are functionally absolute, e.g. pin and bin are different to the ear only at one point. The hearer can either compensate based on context, or fails to understand. However, in some systems there may be effectively continuous scale of degrees to which one may raise his voice as in anger or lower it to signal confidentiality bee-dancing is continuous rather than discrete. Grylliade (e.g. crickets) and tettigoniidae (e.g. bush-crickets) and primate calls carry discreteness. There are a dozen or so distinct gibbon calls, each appropriate vocal response, or vocal part of the whole response, to a recurrent and biologically important type of situation, for instance discove ry of food, detection of predator, etc. The fourth one displacement design-feature is very evident in humans, where we are able to talk about things remote spatially and temporally from where the conversation begins. It seems lacking in vocal signaling of primates, however it does occur in bee-dancing bee dances convey information about how far the food source is (De Marco, Gurevitz and Menzel, 2008). A parrot is unable to demonstrate displacement (Pepperberg, 1987). Monkeys are also limited to chattering and squeaking about immediate threats like snakes in the grass and eagles overhead (Muncer, Malone and Ettlinger, 1982), therefore they also fail the displacement criterion. Concerning traditional transmission design-feature, it refers to the fact language can be taught and learned. In humans, imitation and teaching occur together smoothly. A chimpanzee mother could not teach her infant anything because, although the infant watches her problem-solving skills intentionally, she never returns the infants observation. Similarly, if a vervet monkey gives a leopard call and its recipient, say its offspring, takes countermeasures for python, there is no evidence that monkeys correct errant listeners or that their communication is intentional (Premark, 2004). It was noted that Washoe, another chimpanzee, adopted a younger chimpanzee Loulis as his son. He spontaneously acquired signs from Washoe and was also seen to be taught by Washoe. Although this is a clear indication of what is known as cultural transmission, it is unclear whether it is a language that has been transmitted, or just a sophisticated communication system (Premark, 2004). At first sight Washoe appears to have acquired the use of words and their meanings, and at least some rudimentary syntax-that is, being sensitive to word order in both production and comprehension. However, Washoe did not show learning of functional words like prepositions and inflections, neither was he able to differentiate between different parts of speech like conjunctions, nouns and verbs. Productivity is one of the most important design-features of human spoken language, which refers to the capacity to say things that have never been said or heard before and yet to be understood by other speakers of the same language (Hockett, 1960). One would be able to coin new utterances by incorporating pieces familiar from old utterances and assembling them by patterns of arrangement also familiar in old utterances. In human speech where blending exists, a speaker would hesitate between two words or phrases, both reasonably appropriate to context, a combination of parts of each. It is also involved in slips of tongue which would assist infants in switching from a closed to an open system productivity also known as openness, the ability to invent new messages, where syntax, the grammatical arrangement of sentences, plays an enormous rule (Shostak, 2009). It can be demonstrated using syntax, where in humans, there is a finite number of grammatical rules and a finite number of word s, but humans are able to combine them to produce an infinite number of sentences once they associate the words with particular meanings or concepts, and put them into different orders (Chomsky, 1957; Marshall, 1970). Primate calls constitute a small finite repertory of familiar calls, therefore they are considered having a closed call system and do not demonstrate productivity. According to Hockett (1960), bee dancing shows productivity. However, this is questionable as types of dancing bees do may barely be repertoires. There is a belief that whales and dolphins possess language. However, there is no current evidence suggesting that dolphins employ sequences of sub-units conveying particular messages, which is in the same way we combine words to form sentences to convey messages (Pearce, 2008). In early research by Evans and Bastian (1969), dolphins carried on making sounds even when other dolphins were absent, where communication with each other in carrying out cooperative tasks to obtain fish seems to be explicable by conditioning (Holder, Herman and Kuczaj, 1989). There is no evidence that dolphins can produce even the simplest sentence in language (Pearce, 2008). By now, there is no animal communication system that can satisfy the four properties of syntax identified by Kako (1999) and iteration and recursion properties of language (Hauser et al., 2002). Herman, Richards, and Wolz (1984) taught two bottle-nosed dolphins, Phoenix and Akeakamai, artificial languages. One artificial language was visually based using gestures of the trainers arms and legs, and the other was acoustically based using computer-generated sounds transmitted through underwater speakers. However, this research tested only the animals comprehension of the artificial language, not their ability to produce it. From the point of view of answering our questions on language and animals, it is clearly important to examine both comprehension and production. Even just testing their comprehension, the dolphins syntactic ability was limited, and they showed no evidence of being able to use function words (Kako, 1999). Although others have claimed that chimpanzees could comprehend spoken English, they have failed to present adequate data to substantiate such assertions (Pearce, 2008). In repeated tests since 1977, Sherman and Austin, two chimpanzees, consistently failed comprehension tests of spoken English though they have constantly been exposed to it from infancy. Kanzi, however, was displaying a remarkable comprehension of spoken English, where Kanzi was not being reinforced nor trained to do the experimental task (E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, et al., 1985). Kanzi is a pygmy chimpanzee, and it is claimed he has made a vital step in spontaneously acquiring the understanding that symbols refer to things in the world. He first acquired symbols by observing the training of his mother on lexigrams devices that produce word sounds when pressed. He was sensitive to word order, and understood verb meanings- he could distinguish between get the rock and take the rock, and between put the hat on your ball and put the ball on your hat. He also formed spontaneous utterances. Petitto (1987, cited in Pearce, 2008) argued that Kanzis understanding of names is not like that of humans. Kako (1999) argued that Kanzi shows no signs of possessing any function words, nor any indication of being able to use morphology: he does not modify his language according to number, as we do when we form plurals. Pepperberg (1987) embarked on an elaborate formal programme of training of her African grey parrot called Alex. After 13 years of training, Alex developed a vocabulary of 80 words including object names, adjectives, and verbs. He could even produce and understand short sequences of words understand concepts of same and different. Alex showed evidence of being able to combine discrete categories and use syntactic categories appropriately, but was unable to relate objects to verbs, and knew very few function words (Kako, 1999). Therefore, Alex had limited linguistic abilities. The last design-feature to be mentioned, the duality of patterning, means that only combinations of meaningless units are meaningful, and this is applicable to both the sound and word level, and word and sentence level (Hockett, 1960). It provides much efficiency and flexibility to human language. When a vocal-auditory system carries a larger and larger number of distinct meaningful elements, they become more similar to one another in sound, where there is a limit for any species to how many distinct stimuli they are capable of distinguishing between, in particular they have to be made under noisy conditions. This design-feature is illustrated by English words tack, cat and act, which are composed of only three basic meaningless sounds in different permutations, yet totally distinct in meaning. Very few animal communicative systems share this design-feature of language none among other hominoids (e.g. apes, monkeys), or maybe humans are the only one (Harley, 2001). To conclude, none of the animals mentioned seemed to be capable of possessing the above mentioned design-features of human spoken language (Hockett, 1960). They were also unable to command the complicated syntax and lexical competences that humans possess. This may be due to humans having large and convoluted brains acting as better storage units for conventions of a complex communicative system as language (Pinker, 1994). Though many animals possess rich symbolic communication systems enabling them to convey messages to other members of the species which would influence behaviour and possess many of Hocketts (1960) design features, they all lack the richness of human language, which is manifested in our ability to limitlessly talk about anything and using syntax. The failure to teach apes to speak is partly due to the fact that their vocal tracts are incapable of producing all sounds of human speech, where according to Duchin (1990, cited in Pearce, 2008), a major constraint on the ability of the chimp to produce sounds of human speech is its tongue which is unable to move to correct positions for creating sounds that are necessary. It is possible that by reducing methodological flaws in language learning paradigms and more investigations of different animals, we would be more informed about whether animals are able to use language comprehensively in the humans do.

Sample questions and Exam

Sample questions Note: The purpose for providing sample questions is to show the format of questions that will be given in the midterm exam. The midterm exam will have more of both true false questions and short answer problems than those presented here. For more short answer problem types please look at the exercises sets. True-false questions: T Consider the two statements: I. X is an inferior good. II. X exhibits Giffen’s Paradox. The following is true: II implies I, but I does not necessarily imply II. F T F Suppose that at current consumption levels an individual’s marginal utility of consuming an extra hot dog is 10 whereas the marginal utility of consuming an extra soft drink is 2. Then the MRS (of soft drinks for hot dogs)—that is, the number of hot dogs the individual is willing to give up to get one more soft drink is 1/5. If the price of X falls, the budget constraint shifts inward in a parallel fashion. T F T F Suppose a cup of coffee at the campus coffee shop is $2. 50 and a cup of hot tea is $1. 25. Suppose a student’s beverage budget is $20 per week. The algebraic expression represents the budget constraint. Suppose a cup of coffee at the campus coffee shop is $2. 50 and a cup of hot tea is $1. 25. Suppose a student’s beverage budget is $20 per week. Suppose the student simply prefers more caffeine to less and that the tea sold has exactly one-third the caffeine as the coffee. The student will buy a mix of coffee and tea. T F (The student will buy only coffee) T F In economic theory, the demand for a good must depend only on income and its own price and not on the prices of other goods. T F If two goods are substitutes, then an increase in the price of one of them will increase the demand for the other. 1 T F If consumers spend all of their income, it is impossible for all goods to be inferior goods. A good is a luxury good if the income elasticity of demand for it is greater than 1. A rational consumer spends her entire income. If her income doubles and prices do not change, then she will necessarily choose to consume twice as much of every good as she did before. A consumer has the utility function U(x; y) = min(x,2y) If the price of good x is zero and the price of good y is p; then the consumer's demand function for good y is m/2p. Suppose a teenager likes both rap music (R) and country music (C) with a set of preferences so that U = C1/2R1/2. Point (C, R)=(100, 1) makes the teen the happier than point (C, R)=(25, 25). If a person’s indifference curves can be represented as a straight line, the person views the goods as complements (but not perfect). T T F F T F T F T F Short answer problems 1. Walt consumes strawberries and cream but only in the fixed ratio of three boxes of strawberries to two cartons of cream. At any other ratio, the excess goods are totally useless to him. The cost of a box of strawberries is 10 and the cost of a carton of cream is 10. Walt's income is 200. How many boxes of strawberries does Walt demand? Ans: Walt demands 12 boxes of strawberries. (NOTE that the utility function is U=min{2x,3y}) 2. Fanny consumes only grapefruits and grapes. Her utility function is U(x; y) = x3y6; where x is the number of grapefruits consumed and y is the number of grapes consumed. Fanny's income is 48, and the prices of grapefruits and grapes are 1 and 3, respectively. How many grapefruits will she consume? Ans: 16 3. Katie Kwasi's utility function is U(x1; x2) = 2(ln x1)+ x2. Given her current income and the current relative prices, she consumes 5 units of x1 and 20 units of x2. If her income 2 doubles, while prices stay constant, how many units of x1 will she consume after the change in income? Ans: 5 3. Suppose a new healthcare initiative for the working poor will be paid for with a reduction to the earned income tax credit. Suppose the average working poor family has income of $12,000 from work and an additional $4000 from the EITC. If there are two goods, H (healthcare) and C (all other consumption), what will be the equation for a budget line with the EITC? (Let prices of all goods and healthcare be normalized to 1). Ans: C = $16,000 – H 4. Suppose a teenager has $20 and likes both rap music (R) and country music (C) with a set of preferences so that U = C1/2R1/2. Suppose that the iTunes price of a rap music song is and the price of a country music song is . What is the greatest level of affordable utility? Ans: v50 3

Me seek death

Triangle Skills to Solve Problems For each word problem below, you must draw a picture and show your work towards a solution. Solutions are given for each problem. Since these are real-life type problems, answers should be decimal approximations as opposed to being in simplest radical form. You are allowed to use anything you know about triangle similarity, right triangles and right triangle trigonometry. This assignment is a learning target and is required to pass this semester.P = Do these problems if you want a Proficient score for this learning target HP = Do Hess problems if you want a Highly Proficient score for this learning target A = All students are required to do these problems P 1) A soccer ball Is placed 10 feet away from the goal, which Is 8 feet high. You kick the ball and it hits the crossbar along the top of the goal. What is the angle of elevation of your kick? (38. 70) P 2) If a person 5 Ft 10 inches tall casts a 7 Ft. 4 inch shadow, how tall is a person who casts a shadow 6 Ft. 8 inches long? Put answer in feet and 4 inches) P 3) Michelle delivers books to school libraries. Her truck has a slide out ramp for unloading the books. The top of the ramp Is 3 feet above the ground. The ramp itself Is 5. 2 feet long. What is the horizontal distance the ramp reaches? Also, what Is the angle of elevation of the ramp? (4. 25 Ft. ; 35. 20) A 4) An airplane is at an elevation of 35,000 Ft. When it begins its approach to an airport. Its angle of descent is 60. What is the horizontal distance between the plane and the airport? Also, what is the approximate air distance from the plane to the airport? 63 miles; 63. 4 miles) P 5) Pete has a 15-foot ladder. The safety instructions recommend he should have he base of the ladder 6 feet from the base of the wall he will lean the ladder against. How high will the ladder reach on the wall? (13. 75 feet) A 6) A lighthouse keeper observes that there Is a 30 angle of depression between the horizontal and the line of sight to a ship. If the keeper Is 19 meters above the water, how far Is the ship from shore? (362. 5 meters) opposite bank. (90 meters) HP 8) Mart is standing 4 Ft. Behind a fence 6 Ft. 6 inches tall.When she looks over the fence, she can Just see the top edge off building. She knows that the building is 32 Ft. Inches behind the fence. Her eyes are 5 Ft. From the ground. How tall is the building? Give your answer to the nearest half-foot. (See diagram below) (18. 7 feet) A 9) A 25-foot ladder is placed against a building. The bottom of the ladder is 7 feet from the building. If the top of the ladder slips down 4 feet, how many feet will the bottom slide out? (slipped 8 feet) A 10) Driving through the mountains, Dale has to go up and over a high mountain pass.The road has a constant incline for 7 miles to the top of the pass. Dale notices from a road sign that in the first mile he climbs 840 feet. What is the height of the mountain pass? (5280 feet = 1 mile). Also, how steep is the i ncline in degrees? (Answer in feet) (6510 Ft. ; 9. 20) HP 11) You want to hang banner that is 29 Ft. Tall. You are thinking of hanging it outside from the third floor of your school, but need to measure to see if it will fit there. The trouble with measuring the direct distance is that there is a large 6 Ft. Tall bush in the way at the base of the school building.You throw a 38 Ft. Long rope out the window to a friend on the ground. She walks away from the building until the pop is taught. Upon measuring, she finds the angle of elevation of the rope to be 700. Will the banner fit on the wall and be completely above the bush? How much space will there be between the top of the bush and the bottom of the banner? (Banner will fit with . 7 off foot to spare) HP 12) Chris is mailing his friend a poster that has been rolled up in a long tube. He has a box that measures 20 inches by 8 inches by 4 inches. What is the maximum length the rolled poster can be? Where you label the dimensions on your drawing on the box won't affect your answer) (21. 7 inches) HP 13) Elena is standing on a plateau that is 800 Ft. Above a basin where she can see two hikers. The angle of depression from her line of sight to the first hiker is 250 and to the second hiker is 150. How far apart are the two hikers? (1270 feet) HP 14) The front and back walls of an A-frame cabin are isosceles triangles, each with a base 10 m and sides of 13 m. The entire front wall is made of glass that cost $120/mm. What did the glass for the front wall cost? $7200) angle of elevation of the sun was 550, the length of the shadow cast by this flagpole as 210 Ft. Find the height of the flagpole to the nearest foot. Also, what was the length of the shadow when the angle of elevation of the sun was 340? (300 feet; 444. 8 feet) A 16) International rules of basketball state the rim should be 3. 05 meters above the ground. If your line of sight to the rim is 340 and you are 1. 7 meters tall, what is the horizontal dista nce from you to the rim? (2 meters) P 17) Eagleburger is 17 miles south of Linebacker, and Linebacker is 5 miles west of Pueblo.Carson lives nine miles north of Linebacker. How many miles will Carson eave to drive altogether from his home to Eagleburger if he stops in Pueblo on the way? (Make sure he goes the shortest distances possible) (28 miles) P 18) A student looks out of a second-story school window and sees the top of the school flagpole at an angle of elevation of 220. The student is 18 Ft. Above the ground and 50 Ft. From the flagpole. Find the height of the flagpole. (38. 2 Ft. ) HP 19) You need to add 5 supports under the ramp, in addition to the 3. 6 meter one so that they are all equally spaced. You should have six supports in all.How long should each support be? Also, what is the angle of descent of the ramp? (220) A 20) A 17-foot wire connects the top of a 28-foot pole to the top of a pole. What is the shortest length of wire that you could use to attach the top of th e short pole to the bottom of the tall pole? (25 feet) A 21) Juanita, who is 1. 82 meters tall, wants to find the height off tree in her backyard. From the tree's base, she walks 12. 20 meters along the tree's shadow to a position where the end of her shadow exactly overlaps the end of the tree's shadow. She is now 6. 1 meters from the end of the shadows.How tall is the tree? 5. 46 meters) HP 22) A giant California redwood tree 36 meters tall cracked in a violent storm and fell as if hinged. The tip of the tree hit the ground 24 meters from the base. Researchers wished to investigate the crack. How many meters up from the base of the tree would they have to climb? (10 feet) HP 23) George is looking out from a window 30 feet above the street. The angle of elevation is 500 to the top off building across the street. The angle of depression to the base of the same building is 200. Find the height of the building across the street. (128. 2 Ft)

Mathematics A Key Element For A Young Child s Learning...

Literature is a key element for a young child’s learning process. It can be essential in elementary students understanding of mathematics topics. Language arts, social studies, and science instruction commonly uses literature. At times it can be overlooked when teaching or planning lessons for mathematics. Mathematics instruction tends to have a high emphasis on using manipulatives or workbooks. Literature does not tend to be at the top of the resource list (Golden, 2012). While books can be a very useful tool for teachers successfulness in teaching mathematics topics. You can find mathematics in different types of books. For example: recipe, sequential thinking, patterns, and problem solving books (Padula, 2004). Math skills and mathematics literature are both equally important in children’s growth in this subject (Kurz, 2012). These components must be combined for children to effectively learn each math skill (Kurz, 2012). According to the article, â€Å"The Role of Mathematical Fiction in the Learning of Mathematics in Primary School† this series is great for filling in a few minutes between transitions (Padula, 2004). Also, at the end of the picture books they include extensions or activities for the class to complete. This study will more closely see if third graders mathematics scores and achievement increase when consistently incorporating literature into plans and lessons. Purpose of the Study Gathering information associated with children’s mathematicsShow MoreRelatedRationale Of Curriculum Integration And Differentiation1705 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween core learning areas such as literacy, numeracy or science, create deeper connected understandings when delivered through an integrated curriculum rather than taught in isolation. 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As part of this discussion critically consider the relationship between learning approaches within the core subjects and individual learning needs in these subjects for children. Elizabeth Mc Grath Contents Page Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Main Content †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Arts And How It Is Beneficial1624 Words   |  7 Pagesapplying and learning skills, for maintaining positive mental health, and for building self-esteem. 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