Is Use Of Language Restricted To Humans English Language Essay

Is Use Of Language Restricted To Humans English Language Essay Chomsky (1968) claimed that language in specific to humans as only humans possess a language acquisition device to acquire language the universal grammar. It is a hard matter to define what language really is. According to the layman definition by Cambridge University Press (2008), language is a system of communication that consists of sounds, words and grammar. In the past literature, there have been claims that non-human primates like chimpanzees and bonobos are capable of comprehending human language (Benson et al., 2002; Brakke and Savagerumbaugh, 1995). However it is doubtful whether comprehension constitutes a comprehensive use of language. In this essay, we would discuss whether non-human animals are capable of commanding the comprehensive use of language by critically evaluating whether they show some of the design-features of human spoken language in their speech documented in Hockett (1960) and whether they are able to acquire syntax and morphology (Laidrem, 2008). The first design-feature is the vocal-auditory channel, where communication occurs whenever the producer speaks and the receiver hears (Harley, 2001). There are communication systems using other channels, for instance gestures, bee dancing (De Marco, Gurevitz and Menzel, 2008) or the courtship ritual of sticklebacks. Having a vocal-auditory channel enables primates to free up much of their bodies to carry out activities other than communicating language simultaneously. Primate calls and the singing of a western meadowlark possess this design-feature. The second one is arbitrariness, where abstract symbols do not necessarily resemble what they stand for, for instance salt may neither mean salty nor granular (Hockett, 1960; Harley, 2001), except a few onomatopoeic exceptions. It has a shortcoming of being arbitrary, but advantageous in the way that what can be communicated about is limitless. In a semantic communicative system, ties between meaningful message-elements and their meanings can either be arbitrary or non-arbitrary (e.g. salt would mean salt instead of sugar or pepper) there are relatively fixed associations between elements in messages, like words, and recurrent features of our world. The western meadowlark song holds semantic arbitrariness whereas gibbon calls hold a general arbitrariness design-feature. The third one is discreteness, where vocabulary comprises of discrete units and contrasts with the use of sound effects by the vocal gestural way (Harley, 2001). Human vocal organs produce an array of sounds, but in all languages only a relatively small set of ranges of sound is sound, and differences between these ranges are functionally absolute, e.g. pin and bin are different to the ear only at one point. The hearer can either compensate based on context, or fails to understand. However, in some systems there may be effectively continuous scale of degrees to which one may raise his voice as in anger or lower it to signal confidentiality bee-dancing is continuous rather than discrete. Grylliade (e.g. crickets) and tettigoniidae (e.g. bush-crickets) and primate calls carry discreteness. There are a dozen or so distinct gibbon calls, each appropriate vocal response, or vocal part of the whole response, to a recurrent and biologically important type of situation, for instance discove ry of food, detection of predator, etc. The fourth one displacement design-feature is very evident in humans, where we are able to talk about things remote spatially and temporally from where the conversation begins. It seems lacking in vocal signaling of primates, however it does occur in bee-dancing bee dances convey information about how far the food source is (De Marco, Gurevitz and Menzel, 2008). A parrot is unable to demonstrate displacement (Pepperberg, 1987). Monkeys are also limited to chattering and squeaking about immediate threats like snakes in the grass and eagles overhead (Muncer, Malone and Ettlinger, 1982), therefore they also fail the displacement criterion. Concerning traditional transmission design-feature, it refers to the fact language can be taught and learned. In humans, imitation and teaching occur together smoothly. A chimpanzee mother could not teach her infant anything because, although the infant watches her problem-solving skills intentionally, she never returns the infants observation. Similarly, if a vervet monkey gives a leopard call and its recipient, say its offspring, takes countermeasures for python, there is no evidence that monkeys correct errant listeners or that their communication is intentional (Premark, 2004). It was noted that Washoe, another chimpanzee, adopted a younger chimpanzee Loulis as his son. He spontaneously acquired signs from Washoe and was also seen to be taught by Washoe. Although this is a clear indication of what is known as cultural transmission, it is unclear whether it is a language that has been transmitted, or just a sophisticated communication system (Premark, 2004). At first sight Washoe appears to have acquired the use of words and their meanings, and at least some rudimentary syntax-that is, being sensitive to word order in both production and comprehension. However, Washoe did not show learning of functional words like prepositions and inflections, neither was he able to differentiate between different parts of speech like conjunctions, nouns and verbs. Productivity is one of the most important design-features of human spoken language, which refers to the capacity to say things that have never been said or heard before and yet to be understood by other speakers of the same language (Hockett, 1960). One would be able to coin new utterances by incorporating pieces familiar from old utterances and assembling them by patterns of arrangement also familiar in old utterances. In human speech where blending exists, a speaker would hesitate between two words or phrases, both reasonably appropriate to context, a combination of parts of each. It is also involved in slips of tongue which would assist infants in switching from a closed to an open system productivity also known as openness, the ability to invent new messages, where syntax, the grammatical arrangement of sentences, plays an enormous rule (Shostak, 2009). It can be demonstrated using syntax, where in humans, there is a finite number of grammatical rules and a finite number of word s, but humans are able to combine them to produce an infinite number of sentences once they associate the words with particular meanings or concepts, and put them into different orders (Chomsky, 1957; Marshall, 1970). Primate calls constitute a small finite repertory of familiar calls, therefore they are considered having a closed call system and do not demonstrate productivity. According to Hockett (1960), bee dancing shows productivity. However, this is questionable as types of dancing bees do may barely be repertoires. There is a belief that whales and dolphins possess language. However, there is no current evidence suggesting that dolphins employ sequences of sub-units conveying particular messages, which is in the same way we combine words to form sentences to convey messages (Pearce, 2008). In early research by Evans and Bastian (1969), dolphins carried on making sounds even when other dolphins were absent, where communication with each other in carrying out cooperative tasks to obtain fish seems to be explicable by conditioning (Holder, Herman and Kuczaj, 1989). There is no evidence that dolphins can produce even the simplest sentence in language (Pearce, 2008). By now, there is no animal communication system that can satisfy the four properties of syntax identified by Kako (1999) and iteration and recursion properties of language (Hauser et al., 2002). Herman, Richards, and Wolz (1984) taught two bottle-nosed dolphins, Phoenix and Akeakamai, artificial languages. One artificial language was visually based using gestures of the trainers arms and legs, and the other was acoustically based using computer-generated sounds transmitted through underwater speakers. However, this research tested only the animals comprehension of the artificial language, not their ability to produce it. From the point of view of answering our questions on language and animals, it is clearly important to examine both comprehension and production. Even just testing their comprehension, the dolphins syntactic ability was limited, and they showed no evidence of being able to use function words (Kako, 1999). Although others have claimed that chimpanzees could comprehend spoken English, they have failed to present adequate data to substantiate such assertions (Pearce, 2008). In repeated tests since 1977, Sherman and Austin, two chimpanzees, consistently failed comprehension tests of spoken English though they have constantly been exposed to it from infancy. Kanzi, however, was displaying a remarkable comprehension of spoken English, where Kanzi was not being reinforced nor trained to do the experimental task (E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, et al., 1985). Kanzi is a pygmy chimpanzee, and it is claimed he has made a vital step in spontaneously acquiring the understanding that symbols refer to things in the world. He first acquired symbols by observing the training of his mother on lexigrams devices that produce word sounds when pressed. He was sensitive to word order, and understood verb meanings- he could distinguish between get the rock and take the rock, and between put the hat on your ball and put the ball on your hat. He also formed spontaneous utterances. Petitto (1987, cited in Pearce, 2008) argued that Kanzis understanding of names is not like that of humans. Kako (1999) argued that Kanzi shows no signs of possessing any function words, nor any indication of being able to use morphology: he does not modify his language according to number, as we do when we form plurals. Pepperberg (1987) embarked on an elaborate formal programme of training of her African grey parrot called Alex. After 13 years of training, Alex developed a vocabulary of 80 words including object names, adjectives, and verbs. He could even produce and understand short sequences of words understand concepts of same and different. Alex showed evidence of being able to combine discrete categories and use syntactic categories appropriately, but was unable to relate objects to verbs, and knew very few function words (Kako, 1999). Therefore, Alex had limited linguistic abilities. The last design-feature to be mentioned, the duality of patterning, means that only combinations of meaningless units are meaningful, and this is applicable to both the sound and word level, and word and sentence level (Hockett, 1960). It provides much efficiency and flexibility to human language. When a vocal-auditory system carries a larger and larger number of distinct meaningful elements, they become more similar to one another in sound, where there is a limit for any species to how many distinct stimuli they are capable of distinguishing between, in particular they have to be made under noisy conditions. This design-feature is illustrated by English words tack, cat and act, which are composed of only three basic meaningless sounds in different permutations, yet totally distinct in meaning. Very few animal communicative systems share this design-feature of language none among other hominoids (e.g. apes, monkeys), or maybe humans are the only one (Harley, 2001). To conclude, none of the animals mentioned seemed to be capable of possessing the above mentioned design-features of human spoken language (Hockett, 1960). They were also unable to command the complicated syntax and lexical competences that humans possess. This may be due to humans having large and convoluted brains acting as better storage units for conventions of a complex communicative system as language (Pinker, 1994). Though many animals possess rich symbolic communication systems enabling them to convey messages to other members of the species which would influence behaviour and possess many of Hocketts (1960) design features, they all lack the richness of human language, which is manifested in our ability to limitlessly talk about anything and using syntax. The failure to teach apes to speak is partly due to the fact that their vocal tracts are incapable of producing all sounds of human speech, where according to Duchin (1990, cited in Pearce, 2008), a major constraint on the ability of the chimp to produce sounds of human speech is its tongue which is unable to move to correct positions for creating sounds that are necessary. It is possible that by reducing methodological flaws in language learning paradigms and more investigations of different animals, we would be more informed about whether animals are able to use language comprehensively in the humans do.

Sample questions and Exam

Sample questions Note: The purpose for providing sample questions is to show the format of questions that will be given in the midterm exam. The midterm exam will have more of both true false questions and short answer problems than those presented here. For more short answer problem types please look at the exercises sets. True-false questions: T Consider the two statements: I. X is an inferior good. II. X exhibits Giffen’s Paradox. The following is true: II implies I, but I does not necessarily imply II. F T F Suppose that at current consumption levels an individual’s marginal utility of consuming an extra hot dog is 10 whereas the marginal utility of consuming an extra soft drink is 2. Then the MRS (of soft drinks for hot dogs)—that is, the number of hot dogs the individual is willing to give up to get one more soft drink is 1/5. If the price of X falls, the budget constraint shifts inward in a parallel fashion. T F T F Suppose a cup of coffee at the campus coffee shop is $2. 50 and a cup of hot tea is $1. 25. Suppose a student’s beverage budget is $20 per week. The algebraic expression represents the budget constraint. Suppose a cup of coffee at the campus coffee shop is $2. 50 and a cup of hot tea is $1. 25. Suppose a student’s beverage budget is $20 per week. Suppose the student simply prefers more caffeine to less and that the tea sold has exactly one-third the caffeine as the coffee. The student will buy a mix of coffee and tea. T F (The student will buy only coffee) T F In economic theory, the demand for a good must depend only on income and its own price and not on the prices of other goods. T F If two goods are substitutes, then an increase in the price of one of them will increase the demand for the other. 1 T F If consumers spend all of their income, it is impossible for all goods to be inferior goods. A good is a luxury good if the income elasticity of demand for it is greater than 1. A rational consumer spends her entire income. If her income doubles and prices do not change, then she will necessarily choose to consume twice as much of every good as she did before. A consumer has the utility function U(x; y) = min(x,2y) If the price of good x is zero and the price of good y is p; then the consumer's demand function for good y is m/2p. Suppose a teenager likes both rap music (R) and country music (C) with a set of preferences so that U = C1/2R1/2. Point (C, R)=(100, 1) makes the teen the happier than point (C, R)=(25, 25). If a person’s indifference curves can be represented as a straight line, the person views the goods as complements (but not perfect). T T F F T F T F T F Short answer problems 1. Walt consumes strawberries and cream but only in the fixed ratio of three boxes of strawberries to two cartons of cream. At any other ratio, the excess goods are totally useless to him. The cost of a box of strawberries is 10 and the cost of a carton of cream is 10. Walt's income is 200. How many boxes of strawberries does Walt demand? Ans: Walt demands 12 boxes of strawberries. (NOTE that the utility function is U=min{2x,3y}) 2. Fanny consumes only grapefruits and grapes. Her utility function is U(x; y) = x3y6; where x is the number of grapefruits consumed and y is the number of grapes consumed. Fanny's income is 48, and the prices of grapefruits and grapes are 1 and 3, respectively. How many grapefruits will she consume? Ans: 16 3. Katie Kwasi's utility function is U(x1; x2) = 2(ln x1)+ x2. Given her current income and the current relative prices, she consumes 5 units of x1 and 20 units of x2. If her income 2 doubles, while prices stay constant, how many units of x1 will she consume after the change in income? Ans: 5 3. Suppose a new healthcare initiative for the working poor will be paid for with a reduction to the earned income tax credit. Suppose the average working poor family has income of $12,000 from work and an additional $4000 from the EITC. If there are two goods, H (healthcare) and C (all other consumption), what will be the equation for a budget line with the EITC? (Let prices of all goods and healthcare be normalized to 1). Ans: C = $16,000 – H 4. Suppose a teenager has $20 and likes both rap music (R) and country music (C) with a set of preferences so that U = C1/2R1/2. Suppose that the iTunes price of a rap music song is and the price of a country music song is . What is the greatest level of affordable utility? Ans: v50 3

Me seek death

Triangle Skills to Solve Problems For each word problem below, you must draw a picture and show your work towards a solution. Solutions are given for each problem. Since these are real-life type problems, answers should be decimal approximations as opposed to being in simplest radical form. You are allowed to use anything you know about triangle similarity, right triangles and right triangle trigonometry. This assignment is a learning target and is required to pass this semester.P = Do these problems if you want a Proficient score for this learning target HP = Do Hess problems if you want a Highly Proficient score for this learning target A = All students are required to do these problems P 1) A soccer ball Is placed 10 feet away from the goal, which Is 8 feet high. You kick the ball and it hits the crossbar along the top of the goal. What is the angle of elevation of your kick? (38. 70) P 2) If a person 5 Ft 10 inches tall casts a 7 Ft. 4 inch shadow, how tall is a person who casts a shadow 6 Ft. 8 inches long? Put answer in feet and 4 inches) P 3) Michelle delivers books to school libraries. Her truck has a slide out ramp for unloading the books. The top of the ramp Is 3 feet above the ground. The ramp itself Is 5. 2 feet long. What is the horizontal distance the ramp reaches? Also, what Is the angle of elevation of the ramp? (4. 25 Ft. ; 35. 20) A 4) An airplane is at an elevation of 35,000 Ft. When it begins its approach to an airport. Its angle of descent is 60. What is the horizontal distance between the plane and the airport? Also, what is the approximate air distance from the plane to the airport? 63 miles; 63. 4 miles) P 5) Pete has a 15-foot ladder. The safety instructions recommend he should have he base of the ladder 6 feet from the base of the wall he will lean the ladder against. How high will the ladder reach on the wall? (13. 75 feet) A 6) A lighthouse keeper observes that there Is a 30 angle of depression between the horizontal and the line of sight to a ship. If the keeper Is 19 meters above the water, how far Is the ship from shore? (362. 5 meters) opposite bank. (90 meters) HP 8) Mart is standing 4 Ft. Behind a fence 6 Ft. 6 inches tall.When she looks over the fence, she can Just see the top edge off building. She knows that the building is 32 Ft. Inches behind the fence. Her eyes are 5 Ft. From the ground. How tall is the building? Give your answer to the nearest half-foot. (See diagram below) (18. 7 feet) A 9) A 25-foot ladder is placed against a building. The bottom of the ladder is 7 feet from the building. If the top of the ladder slips down 4 feet, how many feet will the bottom slide out? (slipped 8 feet) A 10) Driving through the mountains, Dale has to go up and over a high mountain pass.The road has a constant incline for 7 miles to the top of the pass. Dale notices from a road sign that in the first mile he climbs 840 feet. What is the height of the mountain pass? (5280 feet = 1 mile). Also, how steep is the i ncline in degrees? (Answer in feet) (6510 Ft. ; 9. 20) HP 11) You want to hang banner that is 29 Ft. Tall. You are thinking of hanging it outside from the third floor of your school, but need to measure to see if it will fit there. The trouble with measuring the direct distance is that there is a large 6 Ft. Tall bush in the way at the base of the school building.You throw a 38 Ft. Long rope out the window to a friend on the ground. She walks away from the building until the pop is taught. Upon measuring, she finds the angle of elevation of the rope to be 700. Will the banner fit on the wall and be completely above the bush? How much space will there be between the top of the bush and the bottom of the banner? (Banner will fit with . 7 off foot to spare) HP 12) Chris is mailing his friend a poster that has been rolled up in a long tube. He has a box that measures 20 inches by 8 inches by 4 inches. What is the maximum length the rolled poster can be? Where you label the dimensions on your drawing on the box won't affect your answer) (21. 7 inches) HP 13) Elena is standing on a plateau that is 800 Ft. Above a basin where she can see two hikers. The angle of depression from her line of sight to the first hiker is 250 and to the second hiker is 150. How far apart are the two hikers? (1270 feet) HP 14) The front and back walls of an A-frame cabin are isosceles triangles, each with a base 10 m and sides of 13 m. The entire front wall is made of glass that cost $120/mm. What did the glass for the front wall cost? $7200) angle of elevation of the sun was 550, the length of the shadow cast by this flagpole as 210 Ft. Find the height of the flagpole to the nearest foot. Also, what was the length of the shadow when the angle of elevation of the sun was 340? (300 feet; 444. 8 feet) A 16) International rules of basketball state the rim should be 3. 05 meters above the ground. If your line of sight to the rim is 340 and you are 1. 7 meters tall, what is the horizontal dista nce from you to the rim? (2 meters) P 17) Eagleburger is 17 miles south of Linebacker, and Linebacker is 5 miles west of Pueblo.Carson lives nine miles north of Linebacker. How many miles will Carson eave to drive altogether from his home to Eagleburger if he stops in Pueblo on the way? (Make sure he goes the shortest distances possible) (28 miles) P 18) A student looks out of a second-story school window and sees the top of the school flagpole at an angle of elevation of 220. The student is 18 Ft. Above the ground and 50 Ft. From the flagpole. Find the height of the flagpole. (38. 2 Ft. ) HP 19) You need to add 5 supports under the ramp, in addition to the 3. 6 meter one so that they are all equally spaced. You should have six supports in all.How long should each support be? Also, what is the angle of descent of the ramp? (220) A 20) A 17-foot wire connects the top of a 28-foot pole to the top of a pole. What is the shortest length of wire that you could use to attach the top of th e short pole to the bottom of the tall pole? (25 feet) A 21) Juanita, who is 1. 82 meters tall, wants to find the height off tree in her backyard. From the tree's base, she walks 12. 20 meters along the tree's shadow to a position where the end of her shadow exactly overlaps the end of the tree's shadow. She is now 6. 1 meters from the end of the shadows.How tall is the tree? 5. 46 meters) HP 22) A giant California redwood tree 36 meters tall cracked in a violent storm and fell as if hinged. The tip of the tree hit the ground 24 meters from the base. Researchers wished to investigate the crack. How many meters up from the base of the tree would they have to climb? (10 feet) HP 23) George is looking out from a window 30 feet above the street. The angle of elevation is 500 to the top off building across the street. The angle of depression to the base of the same building is 200. Find the height of the building across the street. (128. 2 Ft)

Mathematics A Key Element For A Young Child s Learning...

Literature is a key element for a young child’s learning process. It can be essential in elementary students understanding of mathematics topics. Language arts, social studies, and science instruction commonly uses literature. At times it can be overlooked when teaching or planning lessons for mathematics. Mathematics instruction tends to have a high emphasis on using manipulatives or workbooks. Literature does not tend to be at the top of the resource list (Golden, 2012). While books can be a very useful tool for teachers successfulness in teaching mathematics topics. You can find mathematics in different types of books. For example: recipe, sequential thinking, patterns, and problem solving books (Padula, 2004). Math skills and mathematics literature are both equally important in children’s growth in this subject (Kurz, 2012). These components must be combined for children to effectively learn each math skill (Kurz, 2012). According to the article, â€Å"The Role of Mathematical Fiction in the Learning of Mathematics in Primary School† this series is great for filling in a few minutes between transitions (Padula, 2004). Also, at the end of the picture books they include extensions or activities for the class to complete. This study will more closely see if third graders mathematics scores and achievement increase when consistently incorporating literature into plans and lessons. Purpose of the Study Gathering information associated with children’s mathematicsShow MoreRelatedRationale Of Curriculum Integration And Differentiation1705 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween core learning areas such as literacy, numeracy or science, create deeper connected understandings when delivered through an integrated curriculum rather than taught in isolation. Making meaningful connections with an integrated curriculum is reflected in current policy documents such as the Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authorities’ [ACARA] (2014) Cross Curricular Priorities and General Capabilities. Integrated curriculum and hands on experiential based or inquiry learning is also promotedRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Of Children1122 Words   |  5 Pagesroots of play as a best practice for early learning was documented by Plato, a Greek philosopher, who insisted that play is considered a natural activity of childhood.†(Ingrid Crowther, 2011, Pg. 2) Early Childhood Education is a term that refers to educational programs that are devoted to children from birth to the age of eight. â€Å"Children of this age learn by exploring and investigating; therefore, their environment should support and encourage this process.†(Rebecca Isbell and Betty Exelby, 2001,Read MoreRole of Teacher1229 Words   |  5 Pagesyears. The education that students acquire is key to determining the future of those students. Whether in elementary or high schools or in private or public schools, teachers provide the tools and the environment for their students to develop into responsible adults. Teachers act as facilitators or coaches, using classroom presentations or individual instruction to help students learn and apply concepts in subjects. Teachers observe and evaluate a student s performance and potential. They are increasinglyRead MoreCritically Discuss the Role of the Core Curriculum Subjects in Developing Children‚Äà ´s Learning in Key Stage One. as Part of This Discussion Critically Consider the Relationship Between Learning Approaches Within the Core4036 Words   |  17 PagesModule Title: Core Curriculum Assignment One Critically discuss the role of the core curriculum subjects in developing children’s learning in Key Stage One. As part of this discussion critically consider the relationship between learning approaches within the core subjects and individual learning needs in these subjects for children. Elizabeth Mc Grath Contents Page Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Main Content †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ English †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Arts And How It Is Beneficial1624 Words   |  7 Pagesapplying and learning skills, for maintaining positive mental health, and for building self-esteem. On top of many things art provides, starting and assisting the development of the brain for young kids is one of the best things art can do. There are a plethora of options and forms of creating art that encourage the expansion of standard skills that are mandatory for life. An article written by Grace Hwang Lynch for Public Broadcasting Service titled The Importance of Art in Child DevelopmentRead MoreUsing Games To Enhance Math Instruction Essay examples2272 Words   |  10 Pagesthe pedagogical nature of using games to enhance mathematical learning. I believe that games have an effective way of engaging children, but do they really enhance a child’s mathematical understanding of the concept/s being explored? I intend on reviewing research literature that focuses on the use of games in the mathematics curriculum and how it nurtures quality learning. Children are active learners who create, modify and integrateRead MoreParental Participation Improves Student Learning1762 Words   |  8 Pagesthe child(ren) is more important to student success than family income or the education level of the parents. Parental participation improves student learning. Epstein defines parent involvement as families and communities who take an active role in creating a caring educational environment. Epstein says that parents who are involved with their child(ren)’s education are those who do 6 things - demonstrate good parenting skills, communicate with the school, volunteer in their child(ren)’s schoolRead MoreEffective Instructional Strategies to Ensure Fifth Grade Mathematics Readiness1911 Words   |  8 PagesInstructional Strategies to Ensure Fifth Grade Mathematics Readiness Literature Review The purpose of this literature review is an exploration into effective instructional strategies to ensure fifth grade mathematics readiness. This two-part study investigates what teachers consider to be key elements in instructional design and implementation to support mathematics curriculum across the elementary grade levels. It will also investigate specific mathematics skills that teachers believe should be taughtRead MoreGuiding Principles to Early Childhood Curriculum Using Examples From four Countries1810 Words   |  8 Pagesof a child. Early childhood education is important in its own right - a time when children investigate, explore and discover a great deal about the world around them and establish attitudes to learning that remain with them throughout their lives (Wilks et al., 2008). It is therefore imperative to imbibe a framework of learning into the system of early childhood education. This framework is most times identified as a curriculum. Curriculum refers to planned approaches to teaching and learning, anRead More Impact of an Educator on Sustaining and Enhancing a Child’s Learning and Development2905 Words   |  12 Pagestheir student’s ongoing learning and development. The way in which an educator views both their students and their profession, will determine the way they perceive their pedagogical role in sustaining children’s learning and development. Given Australia’s focus on standardised testing in recent years, educators and society have become consumed by these results rather focusing on the process and personal needs of children’s development (Lingard 2010). In exploring the child-centred, constructive approach

Review of David Copperfield by Charles Dickens

David Copperfield is probably the most autobiographical novel by Charles Dickens. He uses many incidents of his childhood and early life to create a considerable fictional achievement. David Copperfield also stands as a midpoint in Dickens oeuvre and is at least somewhat indicative of Dickens work. This novel contains a complicated plot structure, a concentration on the moral and social worlds, and some of Dickens most wonderful comic creations. David Copperfield is a broad canvas on which the great master of Victorian fiction uses his entire palette. Unlike many of his other novels, however, David Copperfield is written from the point of view of its titular character, looking back on the ups and downs of his long life. Overview David Copperfield traces the life of David, the protagonist, from a happy early childhood through a miserable span of cruel surrogate parents, harsh working conditions, and crushing poverty to an ultimately wiser, contented existence as a happily married adult. Along the way he meets a memorable cast of characters, some hateful and selfish and others kind and loving. The main character is modeled closely after Dickens life, especially since his hero finds later success as a writer, The story, published as a serial in 1849 and 1850 and as a book in 1850, also serves as Dickens critique of the bleak conditions for many children in Victorian England, including its notorious boarding schools. Story Copperfields father dies before he is born and his mother later remarries the frightful Mr. Murdstone, whose sister soon moves into their house. Copperfield is sent away to boarding school after he bit Murdstone when he was undergoing a beating. At the boarding school, he becomes friends with James Steerforth and Tommy Traddles. Copperfield doesnt complete his education because his mother dies and hes sent to work at a factory. There he boards with the Micawber family. At the factory, Copperfield experiences the hardships of the industrial-urban poor until he escapes and walks to Dover to find his aunt, who adopts him. After finishing school, he goes to London to seek a career and reconnects with Steerforth, introducing him to his adoptive family. Around this time, he falls in love with young Dora, the daughter of a renowned solicitor. He is reunited with Traddles, who also is boarding with the Micawbers, bringing the delightful but economically useless character back into the story. In time, Doras father dies and she and David marry. Money is tight, however, and Copperfield takes up various jobs to make ends meet, including writing fiction. Things arent well with Mr. Wickfield, with whom Copperfield boarded during school. Wickfields business has been taken over by his evil clerk, Uriah Heep, who now has Micawber working for him. However, Micawber and Traddles expose Heeps misdeeds and finally have him thrown out,  returning the business to its rightful owner. Copperfield cant savor this triumph because Dora has become ill after losing a child. She dies following a long illness and David travels abroad for many months. While hes traveling, he realizes that hes in love with his old friend Agnes, Mr. Wickfields daughter. David returns home to marry her and becomes successful writing fiction. Personal and Societal Themes David Copperfield is a long, sprawling novel. In keeping with its autobiographical genesis, the book reflects the ungainliness and largeness of everyday life. In its early parts, the novel displays the power and resonance of Dickens critique of a Victorian society, which provided few safeguards for the poor, particularly in the industrial heartlands. In the later parts, we find Dickens realistic, touching portrait of a young man growing up, coming to terms with the world, and finding his literary gift. Although it portrays Dickens comic touch, its serious side isnt always apparent in Dickens other books. The difficulties of becoming an adult, marrying, finding love, and becoming successful feel real, shining from every page of this delightful book. Full of lively wit and Dickens finely tuned prose, David Copperfield is an excellent example of the Victorian novel at its height and Dickens as its master. It deserves its sustained reputation into the 21st century.

Advancements in Tattoo Technology - 1025 Words

In todays generation, its hard not to walk among todays society and not spot someone with a tattoo. Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common among both sexes, to all economic classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. In todays generation, the tattoo has taken on a noticeably different meaning than for previous older generations. The tattoo has shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression. Neurologists to biohackers are reinventing the very idea of the tattoo. With the right technology, tattoos can do a lot more than just be coloured pigmented skin. They can become digital devices as useful and complex as the smartphone. This sounds like a fabricated†¦show more content†¦The future holds the emerging field of bio-hacking. This term refers to a practice of part body modification, and part computer hacking. Last year, artist Anthony Antonellis implanted an RFID chip in his hand that could store and transmit one kilobyte of information through a tiny antennae. This also brings to mind, Rich Lee, a salesman from Utah who implanted sound-transmitting magnets in his ears. The magnets are powered by a coil apparatus that includes a little amplifier and battery pack and plugs into Lees Walkman. The coil creates an electromagnetic field that vibrates the magnets in his ears and creates sound comparable to a cheap pair of headphone. The next generation of tattoos is most likely going to be a post-ink enterprise. In some cases, ink will become ephemera, and in other cases the ink is going to be a gadget itself. For example, LED tattoos, instead of ink injection this form of tattooing involves implanting LED displays under the skin. These LED tattoos are made up of silicon electronics less than 250 nanometers thick, built onto water soluble, biocompatible silk substrates. When injected with saline, the silk substrates conform to fit the surrounding tissue and eventually dissol ve completely, leaving only the silicon circuitry. The body wont reject the electronics which can be used to power LEDs that act as photonic tattoos. Brian Litt, a neurologist and bioengineer, inventing this technology that could be used to buildShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Technology893 Words   |  4 Pages . Technology has changed so many of the ways in which we live our lives, from the invention of the wheel to the advanced systems we use and take for granted everyday. Technology was once taboo in most house holds while people still clung to the idea that life was built on life experiences. Nicholas Carr stated in, Is Goggle making us stupid? Back in the fourth century, BCE, Plato complained that writing (then a fairly new technology) was destroying peoples memory, yet he wroteRead MoreFuture Smart Products : Technology1471 Words   |  6 Pageslandscape of technology, its people must embrace the changing devices. IoT products are everywhere. Slowly, we are seeing smart products such as lightbulbs, thermostats, and refrigerators find their way into people’s homes. With the replacement of many household items with IoT products, people are now consistently coming up with new ideas on how they can incorporate their profession or hobby into the internet of things. The revolutiona ry ideas include everything from smart wearables to smart tattoos. SmartRead MoreObservation Of Artificial Intelligence ( Ai )1056 Words   |  5 PagesIssues in Nursing discusses various emerging technologies that will change the face of healthcare, as we know it (Hutson, 2013, p. 1). She writes about things I could only imagine as science friction, a bionic eye, tattoos for monitoring glucose, and in keeping with the class reading Paro a mental service robot, unbelievable. The first prototype for the bionic eye was supposed to revealed in 2013. After a quick goggle search to check the status of this technology I found the first man to receive the bionicRead MoreMobile Computing Technology1025 Words   |  4 PagesMonitoring Patient Vital Signs Monitoring patients with vital signs using mobile computing technology had substantial growth for physicians. They are able to access information, resources and people at the right time and place. What is so essential about mobile computing is the feature of the healthcare delivery. Faster communication between the patients, wards, clinics, laboratories, operating theaters and offices are very important. Physicians are able to complete these tasks with their patientsRead MorePros And Cons Of Plastic Surgery Essay818 Words   |  4 Pagesappearance. These circumstances have led to people dyeing their hair, getting tattoos, wearing colored contact lenses and finally undergoing plastic surgery to change their physical appearances and boost their self-confidence. Now here comes the question: where is the line drawn between the methods above to change our physical appearances? Why is it ‘okay’ for us to get change our physical appearances by getting tattoos and dyeing ou r hair but it is ‘against the law of nature’ to undergo plastic surgeryRead More Stigma of Tattoos in Modern Times Essay1906 Words   |  8 Pageswell in the new millennium, even in a liberal outpost like Massachusetts. Whether its a stare, look, comment or something more serious, like denial of service or hassling from law enforcement, cultural stigma is still a factor for those seeking tattoos. Much of this is clearly rooted in the history of tattooing in the U.S. (see below) but there are other possible sources for these attitudes as well. An interesting article in Skin Art Magazine by Kyle Burkett proposes another possible culturalRead More A Short History of Fingerprinting Essay843 Words   |  4 Pagesto have permanent records that could determine if a convict had been previously arrested or imprisoned. Before the advent of fingerprinting, law enforcement used a number of different methods to try to accomplish this. Ancient civilizations would tattoo or physically maim prisoners. In more recent times, daguerreotyping (that is, photographing) was used, but proved to be less than reliable, because people had the ability to dramatically alter their appearance (Skopitz). As a result, this methodRead MoreBody And Wearable Electronics Technical Report1164 Words   |  5 PagesBody-adapted Wearable Electronics Technical Report To: Michael Jains, CEO From: Rihanna, Research and Computer Development Subject: Advancements in Body-adapted Wearable Electronics Date: 19/9/2014 Purpose:- The purpose of this report is to address current developments in Body-adapted Wearable Electronics which exhibit the ability to guide to perform various activities easily. Such electronics products are very useful in use for daily use, and they are commonly used by professionals and high qualityRead MoreDracula vs Blade1516 Words   |  7 Pagesmajorly to the development of modernity. Bram Stoker’s novel ‘Dracula’ and David Goyer’s film ‘Blade Trinity’ contrast significantly as a result of difference in context. Weaponry had developed immensely over the two stories to cater for the advancements from one classic vampire to a fresh, modern, powerful one. The story of ‘Dracula’, set in Victorian times, consists of the simple, almost primitive weaponry, particularly ones of a superstitious and religious value. For example, Holy Water, ChurchRead MoreSocietys Construction of Reality Essay711 Words   |  3 Pagessocietys or a groups widely held values and norms (from: Sociology An Introduction). Though all crime is considered deviant behavior all deviant behavior is not criminal. While some actions such as murder and rape is punishable others such as getting tattoos and dying your hair green an not. Both are out of the norm for social behavior. Both are deviant. Deviance I s also relative. There is no action that is actually right or wrong it all depends on which societys rules are you adhering to. For example

Ways of Boring People free essay sample

Then answer these questions. 1. Are they International or national brands? 2. What image and qualities does each one have? Use the following words and phrases to help you. [pic] 3. Why do people buy brands? 4. Why do you think some people dislikes brands? 5. How loyal are you to the brands you have chosen? Read the article and answer these questions. 1. Which brands are mentioned? Do you know which country each is from? 2. Which companies make all of their products in their own country? Made in Europe By Jo Johnson, Fred Kapner and Richard McGregor Almost every fashion label outside the top super-luxury brands is either already manufacturing in Asia or thinking of it. Coach, the US leather goods maker, is a classis example. Over the past five years, it has lifted all its gross margins by manufacturing solely in low-cost markets. In March 2002 it closed its factory in Lares, Puerto Rico, its last company-owned plant, and outsources all its products. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways of Boring People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Burberry has many Asian licensing arrangements. In 2000 it decided to renew Sanyo’s Japanese licence for 20 ten years. This means that almost half of Burberry’s sales at retail value will continue to be produced under licence in Asia. At the same time however, Japanese consumers prefer the group’s European-made products. Sanyo is now creating to this demand for a snob alternative to the Burberry products made in its factories across Asia by opening a flagship store in Tokyo’s Ginza, where it sells Burberry products imported from Europe. In interviews with the FT, many executives says the top luxury brands will continue to be seen, particularly in Asia, as European. Domenico De Sole of Gucci says â€Å" The Asian Consumer really dos believe – whether it’s true or not – that luxury comes from Europe and must be made there to be the best. ’ Serge Weinberg, Chief Executive of Pinault Printemps Redoute, which controls Gucci, says it will not move Gucci’s production of shore. Yet some in the industry recognize that change may be round the corner even for the superluxury brands. Patrizio Bertelli, Chief Executive of Prada, says:’ The â€Å"Made in Italy† label is important but what we are really offering is a style, and style is an expression of culture. ’ He therefore recognizes that quality fashion items may not always need to be produced in italy. Amitava Chattopadhyay, professor of marketing at Insead, the business school, says:’ A brand is a set of associations in the mind of the consumer and one of these is the country of origin. . For luxury goods, the role of the brand is crucial. To damage it is a cardinal sin and no brand manager will want to get the balance between manufacturing location and the brand image wrong’. From the Financial Times FINANCIAL TIMES World Business Newspaper C Which of these statements are true? Correct the false ones. 1. Coach has no longer factory in Puerto Rico. 2. Coach, like many other companies, is outsourcing its product to reduce costs. 3. Some Japanese people choose to buy Burberry products made in Europe rather than in Japan. 4. Sanyo’s store in Tokyo sells Burberry’s product made in Asia. 5. According to Domenico De Solle, the best luxury products are made in Japan. 6. Gucci is planning to outsource some of its products. 7. Partizio Bertelli believes that luxury fashion products should always be made in Europe 8. Amitava chattopadhyay says that companies need to pay careful attention to where they manufacture their products. C. Choose the best summary of the article. a. Most manufacturers of luxury brands do not wish to produce their goods in low-cost countries because their believe that it will damage their brand image. b. Most manufacturers of top brands now produce their goods in low cost countries. Consumers no longer care about where the products are manufactured. c. Asian consumers think that European luxury goods are of high quality. The current trend of making such goods in Asia could damage the reputation of these luxury brands. Language Review Present simple and present continuous. The Present simple and Present continuous have several uses. †¢ We use the present simple to give factual information, for example about company activities. Coach outsources all its products. Does Burberry outsource its products? †¢ We use the present simple to talk about routine activities or habits. I always buy Armani suits. Do you usually buy designer brands? †¢ We use the present continuous to talk about ongoing situations and projects. Sanyo is now reacting to this demand. We use present contiuous to talk about temporary situations. We are testing a new brand at the moment. A. Which of the time expressions below do we usually use with the present simple? Although its brand image is based on the spirit of wild and rebellious youth such as Marlon Brando in the film The Wild One (1954), the typical consumer is very different. They are likely to be rich, middle-aged accountants trying to recapture their youth. The average age of Harley Davidson customers is 46 compared with 36 for the rest of the motorbike industry. At the party to celebrate the centenary, the surprise performance was actually Elton John, rather than the Rolling Stones who many people had expected. This caused many of the 150,000 riders and dealers to leave the event very unhappy. Although sales and earnings for Harley Davidson have been increasing for the past 18 years, many people see the trouble on the road ahead. The problem is Harley Davidson’s typical customers from the baby –boom generation (1946 – 1964) and, as these customers get older, Harley Davidson may find its market shrinking. 1. What is the brand image of Harley Davidson? 2. Why were many people unhappy about the music at the party? 3. What problem could have Harley Davidson have in the future? 4. What can Harley Davidson fo to preserve it sales? Should it change its brand image? Should it look for a new market segments? Should it stretch its brand? Case 2 : JCB JCB is a world-famous engineering company. It was founded in 1945 by Joseph Cyril Bamford. He began his business working alone in a small garage. JCB makes construction and agricultural equipment such as tractors, earth-moving vehicles, and loading machines. Now its world headquarters in England is one of the finest engineering factories in Europe. The company produces over 130 different models on four different continents and sells a full range of equipment in over 150 countries. It is truly a global brand. JCB’s research showed that its customers associated with the company with the following brand values :’yellow,’digger’, and ‘durable’. Adult saw the brand and being functional. Children, on the other hand, saw the brand as ‘big’, ‘muddy’ and ‘fun’. JCB made a decision to stretch its brand. 1. Where does the name JCB come from? 2. What was surprising about JCB’s customer research? 3. What sort of products do you think JCB developed as a result of its research? Ways of Boring People free essay sample Read the article and answer these questions. 1. Which brands are mentioned? Do you know which country each is from? 2. Which companies make all of their products in their own country? Made in Europe By Jo Johnson, Fred Kapner and Richard McGregor Almost every fashion label outside the top super-luxury brands is either already manufacturing in Asia or thinking of it. Coach, the US leather goods maker, is a classis example. Over the past five years, it has lifted all its gross margins by manufacturing solely in low-cost markets. In March 2002 it closed its factory in Lares, Puerto Rico, its last company-owned plant, and outsources all its products. Burberry has many Asian licensing arrangements. In 2000 it decided to renew Sanyo’s Japanese licence for 20 ten years. This means that almost half of Burberry’s sales at retail value will continue to be produced under licence in Asia. At the same time however, Japanese consumers prefer the group’s European-made products. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways of Boring People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sanyo is now creating to this demand for a snob alternative to the Burberry products made in its factories across Asia by opening a flagship store in Tokyo’s Ginza, where it sells Burberry products imported from Europe. In interviews with the FT, many executives says the top luxury brands will continue to be seen, particularly in Asia, as European. Domenico De Sole of Gucci says â€Å" The Asian Consumer really dos believe – whether it’s true or not – that luxury comes from Europe and must be made there to be the best. ’ Serge Weinberg, Chief Executive of Pinault Printemps Redoute, which controls Gucci, says it will not move Gucci’s production of shore. Yet some in the industry recognize that change may be round the corner even for the superluxury brands. Patrizio Bertelli, Chief Executive of Prada, says:’ The â€Å"Made in Italy† label is important but what we are really offering is a style, and style is an expression of culture. ’ He therefore recognizes that quality fashion items may not always need to be produced in italy. Amitava Chattopadhyay, professor of marketing at Insead, the business school, says:’ A brand is a set of associations in the mind of the consumer and one of these is the country of origin. . For luxury goods, the role of the brand is crucial. To damage it is a cardinal sin and no brand manager will want to get the balance between manufacturing location and the brand image wrong’. From the Financial Times FINANCIAL TIMES World Business Newspaper C Which of these statements are true? Correct the false ones. 1. Coach has no longer factory in Puerto Rico. 2. Coach, like many other companies, is outsourcing its product to reduce costs. 3. Some Japanese people choose to buy Burberry products made in Europe rather than in Japan. 4. Sanyo’s store in Tokyo sells Burberry’s product made in Asia. 5. According to Domenico De Solle, the best luxury products are made in Japan. 6. Gucci is planning to outsource some of its products. 7. Partizio Bertelli believes that luxury fashion products should always be made in Europe 8. Amitava chattopadhyay says that companies need to pay careful attention to where they manufacture their products. C. Choose the best summary of the article. a. Most manufacturers of luxury brands do not wish to produce their goods in low-cost countries because their believe that it will damage their brand image. b. Most manufacturers of top brands now produce their goods in low cost countries. Consumers no longer care about where the products are manufactured. c. Asian consumers think that European luxury goods are of high quality. The current trend of making such goods in Asia could damage the reputation of these luxury brands. Language Review Present simple and present continuous. The Present simple and Present continuous have several uses. †¢ We use the present simple to give factual information, for example about company activities. Coach outsources all its products. Does Burberry outsource its products? †¢ We use the present simple to talk about routine activities or habits. I always buy Armani suits. Do you usually buy designer brands? †¢ We use the present continuous to talk about ongoing situations and projects. Sanyo is now reacting to this demand. We use present contiuous to talk about temporary situations. We are testing a new brand at the moment. A. Which of the time expressions below do we usually use with the present simple? Which of the time expressions do we usually use with the present continuous? Which are use d with both? Although its brand image is based on the spirit of wild and rebellious youth such as Marlon Brando in the film The Wild One (1954), the typical consumer is very different. They are likely to be rich, middle-aged accountants trying to recapture their youth. The average age of Harley Davidson customers is 46 compared with 36 for the rest of the motorbike industry. At the party to celebrate the centenary, the surprise performance was actually Elton John, rather than the Rolling Stones who many people had expected. This caused many of the 150,000 riders and dealers to leave the event very unhappy. Although sales and earnings for Harley Davidson have been increasing for the past 18 years, many people see the trouble on the road ahead. Now its world headquarters in England is one of the finest engineering factories in Europe. The company produces over 130 different models on four different continents and sells a full range of equipment in over 150 countries. It is truly a global brand. JCB’s research showed that its customers associated with the company with the following brand values :’yellow,’digger’, and ‘durable’. Adult saw the brand and being functional. Children, on the other hand, saw the brand as ‘big’, ‘muddy’ and ‘fun’. JCB made a decision to stretch its brand.